Phoenix heraldry of Antonio della Scala?

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In response to Huck's post in the Trinci family thread:
viewtopic.php?p=26019#p26019

On Antonio della Scala's possible phoenix heraldry.

In brief: some authors have claimed it on the basis of textual interpretation, and there may be one on Antonio's tomb in the courtyard of Santa Maria Antica in Verona, where many Scaligeri tombs are, but nobody has produced the image yet.

I found this reference which discusses it -
Matteo Ferrari, “Il cimiero: espressione dell’identità, insegna dinastica, simbolo di rango (Lombardia e Veneto, XIV secolo)” 2019

https://journals.openedition.org/mefrm/4833?lang=it

Antonio, amante delle preziosità e del lusso, lo fece raffigurare pure in prodotti destinati a una circolazione più limitata o a un’esibizione esclusiva nell’ambito della corte. La carta d’apertura del Commento alle Lettere degli apostoli e all’Apocalisse (Città del Vaticano, BAV, Cod. Pal. Lat. 112) fu così ornata con lo stemma del signore (uno scudo con la scala compreso fra le lettere A e N, iniziali di Antonio), timbrato da un elmo sormontato dal cimiero con il mastino alato, collarinato e coronato: la rappresentazione della panoplia scaligera al gran completo garantiva l’identificazione del proprietario del codice, in base a una pratica che nella seconda metà del Trecento era ormai diventata del tutto comune38

La pagina miniata (fol. 1r) è visibile all’indirizzo <https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Pal.lat.112>. Non abbiamo invece trovato prove materiali di un secondo presunto cimiero, raffigurante una fenice, che Carleton 2009, p. 106 attribuisce ad Antonio della Scala sulla base di due madrigali, di difficile interpretazione, composti alla corte veronese.
Image
“Antony, a lover of preciousness and luxury, had it depicted as well in products intended for more limited circulation or exclusive display within the court. The opening card of the Commentary on the Letters of the Apostles and Revelation (Vatican City, BAV, Cod. Pal. Lat. 112) was thus adorned with the lord's coat of arms (a shield with a scale between the letters A and N, Anthony's initials), stamped with a helmet surmounted by the crest with the winged, collared and crowned mastiff: the representation of the Scala panoply in full ensured the identification of the owner of the codex, in accordance with a practice that by the second half of the fourteenth century had become quite common

“38. The illuminated page (fol. 1r) can be seen at <https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Pal.lat.112>. In contrast, we have found no material evidence of a second alleged crest, depicting a phoenix, which Carleton 2009, p. 106 attributes to Antonio della Scala on the basis of two madrigals, which are difficult to interpret, composed at the Veronese court.”

Carleton 2009 is:
Sarah M. Carleton, “Heraldry in the Trecento Madrigal,” Ph.D. Thesis, Music, University of Toronto, 2009, page 11 -
https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item?id= ... 1019459522

"Similarly, Donato da Cascia's Dal cielo scese refers to the phoenix, the personal badge of Antonio Della Scala."

Page 46 note 145:
The madrigal Dal cielo scese mentions two heraldic emblems of the Della Scala family: the ladder and the phoenix. It has been suggested that this madrigal was written for the wedding of Samaritana da Polenta and Antonio della Scala (whose paraheraldic device was the phoenix) in 1378, but this has been contested on stylistic grounds. See Enrico Paganuzzi, “La musica alla corte scaligera,” 531; and Nino Pirrotta, “La musica,” in Il Codice Squarcialupi, 207.


Main discussion, pages 105-109:
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For Carleton's page 106 note 292, Enzo Levi, Francesco di Vannozzo e la lirica nelle corti lombarde durante la seconda metà del secolo XIV (Florence: Galetti, 1908), 146.
Image

https://books.google.fr/books?id=dLoNAw ... 22&f=false



Levi's reference Fenicem auream in Antiche cronache veronesi, "De Modernis gestis", liber 2; page 68:
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https://books.google.fr/books?id=8n5AAQ ... 22&f=false

Re: Phoenix heraldry of Antonio della Scala?

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It appears that Carleton is wrong about there being a phoenix on Antonio's tomb in the courtyard of Santa Maria Antica; according to page 15 of this essay on the Arche Scaligere, by the Amici di Verona, Antonio's grave is unknown.

https://irp.cdn-website.com/88b3ced5/fi ... ligere.pdf
La fine della Signoria ( Antonio e Guglielmo della Scala)

Nel 1375, alla morte di Cansignorio, i figli naturali Antonio della Scala e Bartolomeo II governarono Verona. Antonio, dopo aver ucciso il fratello nel 1381, governò da solo. Nel 1382 fece costruire l’attuale recinto del sepolcreto in modo da raccordare i mausolei di Mastino II e di Cansignorio con la chiesa. Lo arricchì con quattro statue femminili che personificavano Verona, Vicenza, la Temperanza e la Fermezza. Dal 1967 le statue sono conservate ai Musei Civici di Verona. Tra l’Ottocento e il Novecento, la cancellata è stata in parte rifatta replicando i moduli esistenti. La signoria di Antonio finì nel 1387 con l’ingresso in città di Giangaleazzo Visconti. Antonio muore in esilio nel 1388 e non ci sono certezze sulla sua sepoltura. Guglielmo della Scala figlio naturale di Cangrande II, dopo l’assassinio del padre per mano di Cansignorio, si traferì a Venezia dove riuscì a ricostruirsi una autonoma vita politica. ( 1401-1402 fu podestà a Padova). Alla morte di Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Guglielmo, con l'appoggio di Francesco II da Carrara, l'8 aprile 1404 conquistò Verona, il 10 Aprile fu acclamato signore e il 18 aprile 1404 morì, forse avvelenato dallo stesso Francesco II da Carrara. Si ritiene che Guglielmo sia stato sepolto nella fossa dinastica dell’arca di Mastino II, dove probabilmente già riposava quella di suo padre Cangrande II. Guglielmo è il capostipite della linea tedesca della famiglia Della Scala, che nei paesi tedeschi assunse il nome Von der Leiter.
The End of the Seignory (Antonio and Guglielmo della Scala)

In 1375, when Cansignorio died, his natural sons Antonio della Scala and Bartholomew II ruled Verona. Antonio, after killing his brother in 1381, ruled alone. In 1382 he had the present tomb enclosure built so as to connect the mausoleums of Mastino II and Cansignorio with the church. He enriched it with four female statues personifying Verona, Vicenza, Temperance, and Firmness. Since 1967 the statues have been preserved in the Civic Museums of Verona. Between the 19th and 20th centuries, the gate was partly redone by replicating existing forms. Antonio's lordship ended in 1387 with the entry into the city of Giangaleazzo Visconti. Antonio died in exile in 1388 and there is no certainty about his burial. Guglielmo della Scala, the natural son of Cangrande II, after his father's assassination at the hands of Cansignorio, moved to Venice where he managed to rebuild an independent political life. ( 1401-1402 he was podestà in Padua). When Gian Galeazzo Visconti died, Guglielmo, with the support of Francesco II da Carrara, conquered Verona on April 8, 1404, was acclaimed lord on April 10, and died on April 18, 1404, possibly poisoned by Francesco II da Carrara himself. Guglielmo is believed to have been buried in the dynastic grave of Mastino II's ark, where that of his father Cangrande II probably already rested. Guglielmo is the progenitor of the German line of the Della Scala family, which in German countries assumed the name Von der Leiter.

For those confused by the layout of the tombs in the enclosure, the Amici di Verona provide a helpful plan:
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Re: Phoenix heraldry of Antonio della Scala?

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The note "Phoenix" as element of the heraldic of Beatrice Scala should go back to something, what happened before 1350, when Beatrice married Bernabo.

The Scala family did run under the name "Scaliger" in this earlier period, as far I understand it

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaliger
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaliger
automatic translation: https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.go ... r_pto=wapp

Here is the very successful period described:
The youngest of the three brothers, Cangrande, after the death of his brother, shared government with Alberto II della Scala (1311–1352), son of Alboino, and made a name for himself as a soldier, prince and patron of Dante , Petrarch and Giotto . By war or treaty he brought under his control the cities of Belluno , Bassano , Feltre , Padua (1328), Treviso (1308) and Vicenza . In 1318 he was elected Captain General of the Lombard Ghibelline League .
Alberto II and his younger brother Mastino II , who (1329–1351) was his co-regent, were the richest and most powerful princes of their generation in Italy. Continuing their uncle's policies (with Alberto staying in the background and leaving the politically active part to Mastino), the two conquered Brescia in 1332 and extended their power beyond the Po . They acquired Parma (1335) and Lucca (1339), thereby provoking a powerful coalition to form against them in 1337: Florence , Venice , the Visconti , the Este and the Gonzaga formed an alliance and after three years of war the Scaligeri's territory was again limited to Verona and Vicenza.
Cangrande, died in 1329
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangrande_I_della_Scala
... called "The emperor's right-hand man" in the period 1309-1313, which is in the reign of Heinrich VII of Luxembourg,
... died in 1329, after Ludwig IV the Bavarian was elected German emperor in 1328.
Ludwig IV left Italy at the begin of 1330. In 1333 he tried to reach peaceful relations with the current pope, not really successful.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastino_II_della_Scala (father of Beatrice della Scala)
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastino_II._della_Scala
automatic translation: ... https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.go ... r_pto=wapp

The eagle in the heraldry likely developed from the cooperation with the German emperor. Ludwig the Bavarian lossed his importance till the point, that Karl IV of Luxembourg claimed the emperor title in 1346. Emperor Ludwig IV died 1347.
Mastino died 1351, one year after the marriage of Beatrice with Bernabo in 1350. Possibly the "phoenix" symbol has something had something with the downfall of the Scaliger before.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_ ... ella_Scala
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_della_Scala
automatic translation: .... https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.go ... r_pto=wapp
... there were a lot of strange ideas about Beatrice.
Huck
http://trionfi.com

Re: Phoenix heraldry of Antonio della Scala?

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Ross Caldwell wrote: 10 Jul 2023, 13:33 In response to Huck's post in the Trinci family thread:
viewtopic.php?p=26019#p26019

On Antonio della Scala's possible phoenix heraldry.

"The opening card of the Commentary on the Letters of the Apostles and Revelation (Vatican City, BAV, Cod. Pal. Lat. 112) was thus adorned with the lord's coat of arms (a shield with a scale between the letters A and N, Anthony's initials), stamped with a helmet surmounted by the crest with the winged, collared and crowned mastiff...."
“38. The illuminated page (fol. 1r) can be seen at <https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Pal.lat.112>. In contrast, we have found no material evidence of a second alleged crest, depicting a phoenix, which Carleton 2009, p. 106 attributes to Antonio della Scala on the basis of two madrigals, which are difficult to interpret, composed at the Veronese court.”
Image

Shooting from the hip here, but ^that's a hybrid something. Given the popularity of bestiaries, etc., it is unlikely that something other than a human would simply have "wings". See the hybrid creature Geryon, for instance, in Dante's Inferno 17. Cangrande is "big dog", to whom Dante wrote a very famous letter on interpreting his work, contrasting the literal and allegorical: https://faculty.georgetown.edu/jod/cang ... glish.html
Perhaps of some relevance for wings added to a symbol:

Everything which moves is moved by something which it does not have, which is the goal of its movement; the lunar sphere is moved because of some part which it does not have towards that towards which it moves; and since no part of it is fitted for anything towards which it moves (which is impossible), thence it is that it is always moving and never rests, and that is its urge. And that which I say concerning the lunar sphere is to be understood of all except the first. Thus everything which moves is defective in something and does not have all its being together. Therefore, that heaven which is moved by nothing must have in itself and each of its parts something which is perfect, because it does not need movement towards its perfection. And since all perfection is the ray of the Prime, which is in the highest degree of perfection, it is manifest that the first heaven receives more of the light of the Prime, which is God. This reasoning obviously argues towards the destruction of the preceding, because simply and as to the form of the argument it has no probative force. But if we look at its material logic, it is surely probative, because it deals with something eternal, in which it might be defective throught eternity; that is, if God did not give it motion, it would seem that He did not give it matter in any way deficient. And through this supposition the argument holds by reason of material logic; and a similar way of arguing is as if we said: If he is a man, he laughs; for in all convertibles a like reason holds by reason of the material logic. Thus it is obvious that when he says `in that heaven which receives most from the light of God' he intends a circumlocution for Paradise or the empyrean sphere.

There seemed to be a suggestion the radiant dove emerged from the phoenix in the Visconti narrative (or appropriation of the della Scala use). Is it possible the original was already conceived that way, as the "dog" (patriarch's symbol) reborn from some dire historical event, or the genealogical elevated in some way that could be related to some aspect of the phoenix? Otherwise its hard to understand how the name 'phoenix' ever was attached to the della Scala.

From a purely Christian perspective Conversely, the winged mastiff is found on the title(?) page of the Commentary on the Letters of the Apostles and Revelation - the last being essentially about ascent to heaven after the world's destruction, but really odd to enter heaven as a dog. On the other hand, the winged mastiff is conjoined with the ladder stemma, which is very evocative of Dante's Paradiso (Dante-as-pilgrim uses a ladder to get from Saturn to the next sphere). There is no pagan/mythical precedence for a winged dog.

EDIT: A few interesting historical anecdotes, the last of which I find the most intriguing:

"On 16 March 1316, Cangrande had officially recognised Frederick I of Austria as Holy Roman Emperor, receiving from him confirmation of the Imperial Vicariates of Verona and Vicenza and incurring the wrath of Pope John XXII, who recognised neither Frederick nor his rival, Louis IV of Bavaria, as Emperor. Cangrande ignored the Pope's threats of excommunication and re-emphasised his Ghibelline credentials by attacking the Guelphs of Brescia in concert with the feared Tuscan warlord Uguccione della Faggiuola." The wings could then relate to the imperial eagle.

And:
"In late Summer Henry III of Gorizia arrived once more in Padua with fresh troops and attacked Cangrande's camp at Bassanello on the morning of 25 August 1320. Cangrande, despite sustaining a slight wound and being advised by his generals to act defensively, charged the enemy forces. He found himself outnumbered and his subsequent retreat soon degenerated into the route of his entire army. Cangrande was again wounded, struck by an arrow in the thigh and had to ride desperately across country to the safety of his stronghold at Monselice which he eventually reached in a state of exhaustion with the arrow still sticking in his leg." Comprehensively defeated, he now had no choice but to open peace negotiations." The arrow, especially when associated with the bolts of Jove, could be thought of as winged (Romans always showed the bolt as winged).

And finally - a fire-related event that could tie him to the phoenix:
"In June and July 1325 Cangrande fought at Modena in the Ghibelline cause but had to hurry to Vicenza as a great fire had destroyed a significant part of the city. He was taken ill on the way and retired to Verona where a rumour surfaced that he was dying. At this his cousin Federico della Scala tried to seize power. but Cangrande's mercenaries held firm against him. On Cangrande's recovery, Federico, the saviour of Verona in a Paduan attack of June 1314, was banished from his territories." He recovers and goes on to attend the Empeeor's crowning in Milan. But at this time his death was associated with the burning of Vicenza. Perhaps his re-emergence from that would allow for the phoenix-winged dog, his usual symbol?

The famous equestrian statue of him in the Castelvecchio Museum, Verona, has the winged dog head three times: atop the horse's head, the odd protective saddle "tower" he sits within (like you might find on a war elephant), and his helm hanging parallel to the ground on his back:

Image

At all events, the winged-dog does not originate with Antonio della Scala (1362 – 3 September 1388), but with Cangrande della Scala (9 March 1291 – 22 July 1329).
Last edited by Phaeded on 11 Jul 2023, 21:38, edited 1 time in total.

Re: Phoenix heraldry of Antonio della Scala?

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Thinking about the phoenix problem, then we have at least in the mind of Filippo or Martiano a phoenix in his card game. Or perhaps one should call it ...
1. burning dove
2. virgin dove
3. turtle dove
.... and the burning dove is somehow the phoenix. And that was used by Giangaleazzo, who in history was victorious about the Scala family. And with Juno we have a husband woman, with Minerva the virgin woman and with Venus the sex woman.

Sarah M. Carleton in "Heraldry in the Trecento Madrigal" ....
https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bits ... thesis.pdf ... at pag 11 ...
The greatest number of works celebrating a personal paraheraldic device, however, was
composed for Giangaleazzo Visconti, and refer in various ways – and with varying levels of
precision – to his dove-in-sun badge, which he adopted in 1360 and used for the rest of his life.
.... and she added in a footnote:
This device consisted of a white dove, set against a blue background and a radiant sun, and was sometimes
accompanied by the motto A bon droit.
It seems, that this symbol is interpreted by most as a peaceful sign, but a lot of persons perceived, that Giangalazzo wasn't very peaceful.
Last edited by Huck on 11 Jul 2023, 08:00, edited 3 times in total.
Huck
http://trionfi.com

Re: Phoenix heraldry of Antonio della Scala?

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Strange coincidence ....

A "Bracke" was a specific hunting dog in the medieval society. The Bracke was used as heraldry animal, for instance by the Scala family.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracke_(W ... 0Bracke%20(nach%20der%20Hundegruppe,Ein%20anderer%20Name%20ist%20Molosser.
automatic translatio of the start passage ..
The hound (after the dog group of the hounds) has been a heraldic animal that has been in use since the Middle Ages. The depiction takes the form of a strong dog with the occipital bone often clearly emphasized and broad, drooping ears, which are also emblazoned as hangings. Another name is Molosser. The hound belongs to the group of common figures and is usually depicted with its tongue knocked out. All forms of representation and movement for dogs (standing, walking, jumping, sitting, lying) with raised or lowered heads are used. As a dog, the hound often wears a wide collar, usually with a ring, which can be set with precious stones or otherwise decorated, or which can be designed as a spiked collar with a ring loop, leader ring, leader rope or chain. As with many common figures, the Bracken outline is often epoch- and style-related. Often only the head of the hound (head with attached neck) or growing rump of the hound (head, neck and torso) is shown. In this form it is typically used as a crest, i.e. as part of the upper coat of arms.

The Hohenzollerns have had the Brackenkopf in their coat of arms since around 1317. In the 14th century there was a legal dispute between the Oettingen and the Hohenzollerns about a growing golden hound head with red ears, which was settled by an arbitral award from 1381 in the sense that both were allowed to wear the hound head, but each was allowed to modify it unmistakably had.
The Scaliger also had this Bracken-head.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaliger
Image


Arms of the Scaliger

There was a marriage between the house of Oettingen and the Scala family (another Beatrice della Scala) ....
Paolo (Paulus) 20. Mai 1438 (HRR) Vikar für Verona und Vicenza, 1425–1429 bayerischer Hofmeister, † 7. Januar 1441, 1. ⚭ vor 1433, Amalia von Fraunberg, 1448 Pflegerin von Kelheim (danach noch zwei Mal verheiratet)
Lucia, 1451
Beatrix, † 14. Februar 1486, ⚭ München 5. August 1447, Wilhelm Graf zu Oettingen in Flochberg, † 12. März 1467
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stammliste_der_Scaliger
https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1058903373.html
A Paolo Scala, which was 4 years (1425-1429) bayrischer Hofmeister, had a second daughter Beatrix, who married in Munich Wilhelm Graf zu Oettingen in Flochberg in 1447. This Wilhelm was the count of Oettingen from 1443 till his death in 1467. The author Konrad Bollstatter worked for him. Konrad Bollstatter produced a version of the lot book with 22 animals.
Image


Arms of of the county of Oettingen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Bollstatter
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Bollstatter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Oettingen
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafschaft_Oettingen

Image


Arms of the Hohenzollern, which were at begin of 15th century the Burggrafen of Nuremberg and were involved in the opposition of the Sittichgesellschaft against duke Ludwigs des Gebarteten von Bayern-Ingolstadt, who was the brother of the French Queen Isabeau of Bavaria.
I suspect, that the Sittichgesellschaft was involved in the production of the lot book with the 22 animals.
Lot book with the 22 animals .... viewtopic.php?f=11&t=663

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakeet_Society .... Parakeet Society
The Parakeet Society was a union of the enemies of Louis VII the Bearded, duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt. It was founded on April 17, 1414 by his cousin, duke Henry XVI of Bavaria-Landshut. The other members of the society were Ernest of Bavaria-Munich, his brother William III and John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt.
On February 16, 1415, Frederick of Nuremberg and Elector Palatine Louis III became members of the society. Its members met on July 8, 1415 at the Council of Constance and turned the society into a union for mutual defense against Louis VII, to persist until Louis’ death. This anti-Louis alliance became known as the League of Constance.
All the members of the Parakeet Society were princes. The symbol of the society, the parakeet, was intended to make fun of Louis’ coat of arms, which showed the raven of Oswald of Northumbria.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittichgesellschaft .... Sittichgesellschaft
Huck
http://trionfi.com

Re: Phoenix heraldry of Antonio della Scala?

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Huck wrote: "The Hohenzollerns have had the Brackenkopf in their coat of arms since around 1317."

But Cangrande is dead by 1329 and must have had his coat of arms from when he became sole ruler of Verona in 1311, and if there are no significant relations between him and the German family then the origin of the winged hound head, which is what concerns us as a possible connection to the phoenix, has to be solely due to him. Given the three instances of the winged mastiff on his funeral sculpture, per above, it was clearly his design and all subsequent della Scala used it in memory of his deeds as a family impresa.

This link shows the full funerary monument (and the replacement statue now atop the Gothic edifice), noting this:

The tomb of Cangrande I was the first tomb built, in the 14th century, according to the will of the deceased, the most famous Scaliger ruler of the city. The designer was the architect of the church of Sant’Anastasia, who planned it in the shape of a Gothic tabernacle, supported by richly harnessed dogs (Cangrande meaning “Big dog” in Italian). On the sepulchre’s cover is the recumbent statue of the lord, characterized by an unusual smile. The selpuchre is decorated on each side by high-reliefs with religious themes and bas-reliefs with military themes. On the summit of the baldachin was once an equestrian statue of Cangrande, now replaced by a copy (the original is in the museum of Castelvecchio). https://equestrianstatue.org/cangrande-i-della-scala/

"Big dog" by itself in no way implies wings. I'm still musing there must have been an event or marriage in which the hound becomes winged. We can rule out his mother, descendent of the Hohenstaufen, as their coat of arms were not the imeprial eagle but three black lions on a gold field ("in 1310 [C and his brother] were appointed Imperial Vicars of Henry VII.In 1308 Cane married Giovanna di Svevia, daughter of Conrad of Antioch and granddaughter of Emperor Frederick II: the union lasted a lifetime but he had no legitimate heirs from her....In 1308, after the war against Ferrara, Alboino decided to share the Lordship with Cangrande, now eighteen years old: he was proclaimed Captain of the Veronese people, and became co-regent and lord of Verona."). I still think his near death associated with his presence at the contemporary burning of Vicenza might have spurred the association of the "big dog reborn (like the Phoenix)".

A possible source for the device is Cangrande's proto-humanist chancellor, but I'm not about to dive into his huge Chronicon for references to the phoenix (although I see he does address the Trojan hero Phoenix). For works on him see:

BERRIGAN, J. R. “THE PREHUMANISM OF BENZO D’ALESSANDRIA.” Traditio 25 (1969): 249–63. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27830874.

Berrigan, J. R. “Mythology in Benzo D’Alessandria.” The Classical World 60, no. 9 (1967): 366–69. https://doi.org/10.2307/4346277.

Petoletti, Marco. Il "Chronicon" di Benzo d'Alessandria e i classici latini all'inizio del XIV secolo: edizione critica del libro XXIV : "De moribus et vita philosophorum". Italy: Vita e pensiero, 2000.

Finally Benzo does know Claudian who wrote a poem on the phoenix: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/ ... ich%20gold.

Re: Phoenix heraldry of Antonio della Scala?

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Here is the best discussion I have found so far on the winged mastiff.

Important point: it is first attested in 1335 on a seal of Mastino II. Perhaps the image of the seal mentioned below can be found.

The note 25 to this statement is “Gerola 1930, p. 135-136 and Plessi 1988, p. 71-76: Mastino uses this new seal both in documents signed together with his brother Alberto, on the co-titled paper of the lordship, and in those issued under his own name.”
The bibliography is: Gerola 1930 = G. Gerola, Sigilli scaligeri, in Studi medievali, 1, 1930, p. 130-141 and Plessi 1988 = G. Plessi, Sigilli scaligeri, in Varanini 1988, p. 71-76.

See the paper at the link below for all of the notes and bibliography.

Matteo Ferrari, “Il cimiero: espressione dell’identità, insegna dinastica, simbolo di rango (Lombardia e Veneto, XIV secolo”

"The crest: expression of identity, dynastic emblem, symbol of rank (Lombardy and Veneto, 14th century)"

https://journals.openedition.org/mefrm/ ... g=it#ftn25

La propensione per l’araldica delle famiglie signorili dell’Italia settentrionale, così come di quelle che ne frequentavano la corte, è cosa nota. Strumento di rappresentazione personale e del lignaggio, anche con finalità che potremmo definire politiche, lo stemma del signore permeava il territorio da questi governato. Raffigurato sugli edifici privati come su quelli pubblici, sui sigilli come sulle monete, lo stemma era spesso associato ad altri elementi para-araldici ed emblematici, che ne affinavano il significato. Tra questi, i monogrammi composti dalle iniziali del portatore dell’insegna e, per l’appunto, i cimieri personalizzavano l’arme familiare, per sua natura collettiva, e permettevano di distinguere l’individuo all’interno del suo clan15. Lungi dal costituire un mero espediente d’identificazione, il cimiero era però un segno dalla natura polisemica, che ben si prestava a supportare la politica d’immagine signorile.

Negli anni Venti-Trenta del Trecento, i signori di Verona furono così tra i primi ad accogliere il cimiero all’interno della panoplia araldica familiare e a metterlo a contribuzione nell’ambito di quella politica d’immagine da loro avviata a breve intervallo dalla presa di potere, avvenuta negli anni Sessanta del Duecento con Mastino della Scala († 1277)16. Se il controllo della suprema magistratura di Popolo garantiva alla famiglia la trasmissione del governo, questa rimaneva però formalmente subordinata alla volontà dell’assemblea cittadina cui spettava l’effettivo conferimento dei poteri17. Al pari di altri regimi signorili contemporanei, gli Scaligeri accompagnarono allora la ricerca di fonti diverse di legittimazione, esterne al contesto locale, alla messa in opera di una campagna d’immagine diretta a esibire tanto il prestigio della famiglia, quanto a documentare la continuità della trasmissione del potere all’interno del lignaggio.

La costruzione del sepolcreto familiare attorno alla chiesa di Santa Maria Antiqua, situata nei pressi delle residenze scaligere, rispondeva, con le sue componenti emblematiche, a quest’esigenza18. Se la celebrazione del defunto era stata inizialmente affidata alla collocazione e alla tipologia prestigiosa dell’arca, ispirata al modello dei sarcofagi porfiretici antichi, col passare delle generazioni le componenti figurative, e tra di esse quelle araldiche, assunsero un’importanza crescente. Utile per visualizzare i legami dinastico-familiari e gli orientamenti politici del lignaggio, l’araldica fece la sua comparsa nella tomba attribuita ad Alberto I († 1301) e in quella di Bartolomeo († 1304): la scala dell’insegna familiare forniva qui l’appoggio a un’aquila coronata, segno d’appartenenza ghibellina19. Nell’arca di Alboino († 1311) e nella prima di Cangrande I († 1329), lo stemma della Scala fu invece accostato a quello imperiale, in riferimento al vicariato che entrambi avevano ottenuto e che aveva loro assicurato quella fonte di legittimazione esterna che dava prestigio e autonomia al loro potere20.

Durante la signoria di Mastino II, il progressivo indebolimento della potenza militare e territoriale della signoria – dal 1341 ridotta alle sole città di Verona e Vicenza e minacciata dall’ascesa della vicina Padova carrarese – accrebbe l’esigenza di una politica d’immagine forte, centrata su simboli di sicura presa. Attorno alla metà degli anni Trenta, e forse dopo la perdita di Padova nel 1337, Mastino diede così nuovo impulso alla politica d’immagine familiare. L’assetto del sepolcreto scaligero fu dunque mutato per dare una più maestosa sepoltura al suo predecessore Cangrande, la cui gloriosa memoria poteva servire da puntello per l’indebolita dinastia. Abbandonando la sobrietà delle prime arche, il nuovo mausoleo, posto sopra l’ingresso della chiesa e coronato dal monumento equestre del defunto, assumeva una veste pienamente monumentale. Le scene scolpite sulla cassa commemoravano le conquiste territoriali dello Scaligero, rammentando il ruolo di potenza regionale che i Della Scala avevano assicurato a Verona e, implicitamente, rivendicavano il possesso dei territori recentemente perduti.

Il mutare della sepoltura fu accompagnato dall’ampliamento della panoplia araldica. Lo constatiamo innanzitutto nella comparsa del celebre cane, che fu tanto impiegato in funzione di tenente dello stemma familiare (coronato in riferimento alla dignità signorile), quanto integrato all’interno dello scudo, a sostegno della scala. Veniva così trasposto in ambito monumentale un elemento emblematico che Cangrande aveva già impiegato nel tipario sigillare, anche qui con funzione di reggente dello scudetto scaligero21. Figura parlante, allusiva al nome del signore, il cane si era del resto rapidamente affermato nell’immaginario della signoria, al punto che già durante il principato di Cangrande i cronisti apostrofavano i sovrani veronesi con l’appellativo di canes veronenses22. Assolutamente inedito era invece il cimiero col mastino alato posto ad ornamento dell’elmo del signore nella scultura equestre e nel rilievo dedicato alla battaglia del 1314 per la difesa di Vicenza (fig. 3-4): collarinato, coronato e dotato di grandi ali come d’uso nei cimieri dell’Europa settentrionale23. In effetti, né Cangrande, né tantomeno i suoi predecessori sembrano aver mai impiegato tale elemento araldico. Se ignoriamo quali sembianze avesse «‘l cimier sovrano» citato tra le insegne che accompagnarono il feretro di Cangrande durante il suo funerale24 (1329), pare comunque significativo che il mastino alato non sia mai documentato prima del 1335, quando apparve sul sigillo che Mastino II appose in calce a un atto25.

Secondo Ettore Napione l’invenzione di questo cimiero sarebbe connessa all’operazione di costruzione di un’ascendenza mitica e illustre che gli Scaligeri misero in atto fin dagli esordi della signoria, appoggiandosi sul passato longobardo e regale di Verona. La strategia si basava sulle scelte onomastiche, come rivelano la resurrezione dell’inusuale nome di Alboino, primo re longobardo morto e sepolto nella città veneta, e, forse, la sistematica adozione di nomi dall’etimo canino (Cangrande, Canfrancesco detto Cansignorio, Mastino). Collante dinastico tributario del soprannome di Mastino affibbiato al ‘fondatore’ della dinastia, Leonardino della Scala, l’impiego di questi nomi avrebbe permesso alla famiglia veronese, secondo Napione, di evocare il ricordo dei ferocissimi guerrieri cinocefali, leggendarie figure delle saghe germaniche, attribuendosene le virtù di combattenti irriducibili26. L’ipotesi è certo affascinante, ma ci chiediamo se il mastino alato non avesse piuttosto svolto, ai suoi esordi, la funzione di una semplice insegna parlante. Questa permetteva al suo portatore tanto di segnalarsi all’interno del clan familiare, quanto di attribuirsi quelle doti di ferocia guerriera che, già insite nel suo nome di battesimo, erano ora esibite in modo ben più icastico dalla temibile figura canina che lo rappresentava nei tornei, in battaglia e nelle rappresentazioni della sua signoria. Non si dimentichi del resto che gli Scaligeri non furono i soli signori dell’Italia settentrionale a riesumare il passato longobardo a fini politici: lo fecero anche i Visconti, a partire dal secondo Trecento, ma tale operazione non ebbe alcuna incidenza sul piano onomastico o araldico27

Per quale ragione però Mastino II, sulla metà degli anni Trenta, decise prima d’impiegare il mastino alato come cimiero personale, poi d’integrarlo nella panoplia araldica famigliare come un’insegna della signoria, attribuendolo a posteriori al suo predecessore Cangrande? Crediamo che la risposta vada cercata nel quadro politico dell’epoca, segnato dal conflitto che opponeva i signori veronesi, ghibellini, al fronte guelfo: un conflitto nel quale persino gli stemmi erano oggetto di attacchi verbali fornendo materia per la denigrazione dell’avversario. Raccogliendo una tradizione diffusa, Giovanni Villani prese spunto dallo stemma parlante degli Scaligeri per insinuarne l’umile origine da un produttore di scale, che avrebbe dato alla sua stirpe il nome e l’insegna. Parvenus con arie di principi, alla ricerca di fonti di legittimazione per la loro signoria, gli Scaligeri non furono insensibili alla polemica, come evidenzia l’imponente macchina di propaganda da loro creata e continuamente alimentata28. Il cimiero col mastino alato consentiva allora tanto d’integrare l’araldica famigliare con una figura fiera e temibile, quanto di nobilitarla, grazie all’attributo della corona che, come Ettore Napione ha giustamente rilevato, andrà probabilmente letto in relazione alle ambizioni regali di Mastino29. La stretta connessione con la tradizione onomastica familiare, poi, offriva la garanzia della riconoscibilità del segno, facilmente riconducibile alla famiglia veronese. Attribuendo la propria insegna all’illustre predecessore, come in una sorta di concessione araldica a parti rovesciate, Mastino si presentava come suo diretto e legittimo erede, unico in grado di rinverdirne i fasti30.

La funzione ‘politica’ del cimiero sembra del resto dimostrata dalla sua immediata trasformazione in «emblema stabile della signoria»31. Questo consentiva di mettere visivamente in risalto il legame genealogico tra il signore e i suoi predecessori e di affermare, di conseguenza, la legittimità del trapasso dei poteri all’interno del lignaggio. Ornati delle insegne familiari e, soprattutto, dei loro cimieri, i monumenti equestri che si fronteggiavano nel sepolcreto di Santa Maria Antiqua diffondevano l’immagine di una signoria coesa. Oltre che nella tomba di Cangrande, il cimiero col mastino compare infatti in quella di Mastino II, completata all’indomani della sua morte nel 1351 per mano della stessa maestranza che aveva realizzato il sepolcro del suo predecessore32 (fig. 5): lo vediamo sull’elmo che copre la testa della statua equestre, sulla testiera del cavallo e sui timpani delle edicole sottostanti. Ed era senz’altro dotata di cimiero anche la figura equestre di Cansignorio, posta a coronamento della monumentale sepoltura realizzata e sottoscritta da Bonino da Campione nel 1375, come lo sono le edicole che formano il secondo ordine del sepolcro33.

Lungo il filo delle generazioni, il cimiero scaligero fu dunque riprodotto, da solo o associato allo stemma familiare, nei luoghi di rappresentanza della signoria. Alla ricerca di un difficile equilibrio tra l’esigenza di manifestare l’appartenenza al clan familiare e la volontà d’affermazione individuale, il cimiero col mastino presenta talvolta piccole varianti atte a singolarizzarlo. Forse privo di corona è quello dipinto sulla volta di un’aula della cosiddetta Torre del Capitano, residenza scaligera compresa nel complesso su Piazza dei Signori e rinnovata durante gli anni di Cansignorio34 (fig. 6). Privo di corona ed anche delle ali, ma con lunghe orecchie d’oro e ricoperto di piccole scale, è quello che accompagna il presunto ritratto di Cangrande II (1351-59) nella Madonna del rosario di Lorenzo Veneziano in Sant’Anastasia35.

Ma è sui sigilli e sulle monete, notoriamente veicolo primario per la diffusione dell’immagine del potere, che i successori di Mastino II fecero ampio uso del mastino alato. Lo mostrano il sigillo, per l’appunto, di Cangrande II, da questi impiegato anche negli atti siglati congiuntamente con i fratelli Cansignorio e Paolo Alboino36, e quelli di Bartolomeo e di Antonio. Durante la loro fragile signoria, questi ultimi – prima congiuntamente (1375-81), poi dopo la morte di Bartolomeo il solo Antonio (1381-87) – coniarono anche monete col cimiero del mastino alato37. Antonio, amante delle preziosità e del lusso, lo fece raffigurare pure in prodotti destinati a una circolazione più limitata o a un’esibizione esclusiva nell’ambito della corte. La carta d’apertura del Commento alle Lettere degli apostoli e all’Apocalisse (Città del Vaticano, BAV, Cod. Pal. Lat. 112) fu così ornata con lo stemma del signore (uno scudo con la scala compreso fra le lettere A e N, iniziali di Antonio), timbrato da un elmo sormontato dal cimiero con il mastino alato, collarinato e coronato: la rappresentazione della panoplia scaligera al gran completo garantiva l’identificazione del proprietario del codice, in base a una pratica che nella seconda metà del Trecento era ormai diventata del tutto comune38. Nel caso dei figli di Cansignorio, poi, l’assenza di un qualunque rapporto con l’onomastica del portatore dell’insegna conferma l’avvenuta trasformazione del mastino alato in insegna della signoria e il suo impiego, negli anni del rapido declino dell’egemonia scaligera come strenua affermazione d’autorità. E d’altra parte è senz’altro in quest’accezione che tale cimiero fu recuperato da Brunoro durante l’effimera rinascita della signoria degli Scaligeri nel 1404(39).
The propensity for heraldry among the noble families of northern Italy, as well as those who frequented their courts, is well-known. As a tool for personal and lineage representation, with political implications, the lord's coat of arms permeated the territory under their rule. Displayed on both private and public buildings, seals, and coins, the coat of arms was often associated with other heraldic and emblematic elements that refined its meaning. Among these, the monograms composed of the bearer's initials and, notably, the crests personalized the family's armor, which by its nature was collective, and allowed for the individual's distinction within their clan. Far from being a mere identification device, the crest was a multi-layered symbol that lent itself well to supporting the noble's image politics.

In the 1320s and 1330s, the lords of Verona were among the first to adopt the crest within their family heraldic arsenal and to employ it as part of their image politics shortly after coming to power in the 1260s with Mastino della Scala († 1277). While the control of the supreme magistracy of the People ensured the family's transmission of power, it remained formally subordinate to the will of the city assembly, which held the actual conferral of powers. Similar to other contemporary noble regimes, the Scaligeri sought alternative sources of legitimacy outside the local context and embarked on an image campaign to showcase both the family's prestige and the continuity of power transmission within the lineage.

The construction of the family burial site around the Church of Santa Maria Antiqua, located near the Scaliger residences, responded, with its emblematic components, to this need. While initially the commemoration of the deceased was entrusted to the placement and prestigious typology of the ark, inspired by the model of ancient porphyry sarcophagi, over the generations the figurative components, including the heraldic ones, gained increasing importance. Useful for visualizing the dynastic-family ties and the political orientations of the lineage, heraldry made its appearance in the tomb attributed to Alberto I († 1301) and in that of Bartolomeo († 1304): the scale of the family insignia provided support here to a crowned eagle, a sign of Ghibelline belonging. In the tomb of Alboino († 1311) and in the first one of Cangrande I († 1329), the Scala coat of arms was instead juxtaposed with the imperial one, referring to the vicariate that both had obtained and which had ensured them a source of external legitimacy that gave prestige and autonomy to their power.

During the lordship of Mastino II, the progressive weakening of the military and territorial power of the lordship - reduced since 1341 to only the cities of Verona and Vicenza and threatened by the rise of neighboring Carrara-led Padua - increased the need for a strong image policy centered on symbols of certain impact. Around the mid-1330s, perhaps after the loss of Padua in 1337, Mastino thus gave new impetus to the family's image policy. The layout of the Scaliger burial site was therefore changed to provide a more majestic burial for his predecessor Cangrande, whose glorious memory could serve as a pillar for the weakened dynasty. Abandoning the sobriety of the early arks, the new mausoleum, placed above the entrance of the church and crowned by the equestrian monument of the deceased, assumed a fully monumental appearance. The sculpted scenes on the casket commemorated the territorial conquests of the Scaliger family, recalling the role of regional power that the Della Scala had secured for Verona and implicitly claiming possession of the recently lost territories.

The changing of the burial was accompanied by the expansion of the heraldic display. We observe this first and foremost in the emergence of the famous dog, which was employed both as a supporter of the family coat of arms (crowned to indicate noble dignity) and integrated within the shield, supporting the ladder. Thus, an emblematic element that Cangrande had already used in his seal designs was transposed into the realm of monuments, serving as the regent of the Scaliger shield. The dog, a speaking figure alluding to the lord's name, had quickly established itself in the imagery of the ruling class, to the extent that during the principality of Cangrande, chroniclers referred to the Veronese rulers as "canes veronenses." However, the crested helmet with a winged mastiff, featured as an ornament on the lord's helmet in the equestrian sculpture and the relief dedicated to the defense of Vicenza in the 1314 battle (fig. 3-4), was completely unprecedented. Collared, crowned, and equipped with large wings, it followed the customary style of crests in Northern Europe. In fact, neither Cangrande nor his predecessors seem to have ever used such a heraldic element. While we are unaware of the exact appearance of the "sovereign crest" mentioned among the insignia that accompanied Cangrande's coffin during his funeral (1329), it is nonetheless significant that the winged mastiff is not documented prior to 1335, when it appeared on the seal that Mastino II affixed to a document.

According to Ettore Napione, the invention of this crest would be connected to the operation of constructing a mythical and illustrious lineage that the Scaligeri implemented from the very beginning of their rule, relying on the Lombard and royal past of Verona. The strategy was based on onomastic choices, as revealed by the resurrection of the unusual name Alboino, the first Lombard king who died and was buried in the Venetian city, and perhaps the systematic adoption of names derived from the canine etymology (Cangrande, Canfrancesco known as Cansignorio, Mastino). As a dynastic bond tributary to the nickname "Mastino" attached to the "founder" of the dynasty, Leonardino della Scala, the use of these names would have allowed the Veronese family, according to Napione, to evoke the memory of the ferocious cynocephalous warriors, legendary figures from Germanic sagas, attributing to themselves the virtues of unyielding fighters. The hypothesis is certainly fascinating, but we wonder if the winged mastiff initially served as a simple speaking emblem. This allowed its bearer to both distinguish themselves within the family clan and attribute those qualities of warrior ferocity that were already inherent in their given name, now exhibited in a more iconic manner by the formidable canine figure representing them in tournaments, battles, and representations of their rule. It should not be forgotten that the Scaligeri were not the only lords of northern Italy to resurrect the Lombard past for political purposes: the Visconti also did so, starting from the 14th century, but this operation had no impact on the onomastic or heraldic level.

For what reason, however, did Mastino II decide, in the mid-1330s, to first use the winged mastiff as his personal crest and then integrate it into the family heraldic panoply as a sign of lordship, attributing it retrospectively to his predecessor Cangrande? We believe that the answer must be sought in the political framework of the time, marked by the conflict between the Ghibelline lords of Verona and the Guelph front: a conflict in which even coats of arms were subjected to verbal attacks, providing material for the denigration of the adversary. Drawing on a widespread tradition, Giovanni Villani took inspiration from the speaking coat of arms of the Scaligeri family to insinuate its humble origin from a ladder manufacturer, who would have given his lineage its name and emblem. As parvenus with airs of princes, in search of sources of legitimacy for their lordship, the Scaligeri were not immune to the controversy, as evidenced by the imposing propaganda machine they created and continuously fueled. The crest with the winged mastiff allowed them both to integrate the family heraldry with a proud and fearsome figure and to ennoble it, thanks to the attribute of the crown which, as Ettore Napione rightly pointed out, is probably to be interpreted in relation to Mastino's royal ambitions. The close connection with the family's onomastic tradition also offered the guarantee of the sign's recognizability, easily attributable to the Veronese family. By attributing his own emblem to the illustrious predecessor, as if in a kind of reversed heraldic concession, Mastino presented himself as his direct and legitimate heir, the only one capable of reviving its former splendor.

The 'political' function of the crest, moreover, seems to be demonstrated by its immediate transformation into the "stable emblem of lordship." This visually emphasized the genealogical connection between the lord and his predecessors and consequently asserted the legitimacy of the transfer of power within the lineage. Adorned with family insignias and, above all, their crests, the equestrian monuments facing each other in the burial ground of Santa Maria Antiqua spread the image of a cohesive lordship. In addition to Cangrande's tomb, the crest with the mastiff also appears in Mastino II's tomb, completed after his death in 1351 by the same craftsmanship that had created his predecessor's tomb: we see it on the helmet covering the head of the equestrian statue, on the horse's headgear, and on the tympana of the underlying shrines. Undoubtedly, the equestrian figure of Cansignorio, placed as the crowning piece of the monumental burial realized and subscribed by Bonino da Campione in 1375, was also equipped with a crest, as are the shrines that form the second order of the tomb.

Along the thread of generations, the Scaliger crest was thus reproduced, either alone or associated with the family coat of arms, in the representative places of the lordship. In search of a difficult balance between the need to manifest belonging to the family clan and the desire for individual affirmation, the crest with the mastiff sometimes presents small variations aimed at individualizing it. Perhaps without a crown is the one painted on the vault of a hall in the so-called Tower of the Captain, a Scaliger residence included in the complex on Piazza dei Signori and renovated during the years of Cansignorio34 (fig. 6). Without a crown and also without wings, but with long golden ears and covered in small scales, is the one accompanying the presumed portrait of Cangrande II (1351-59) in the Madonna del Rosario by Lorenzo Veneziano in Sant'Anastasia35.
But it is on seals and coins, notoriously the primary vehicle for the dissemination of power's image, that the successors of Mastino II made extensive use of the winged mastiff. This is demonstrated by the seal, precisely, of Cangrande II, which he also used in jointly signed deeds with his brothers Cansignorio and Paolo Alboino36, and those of Bartolomeo and Antonio. During their fragile lordship, the latter – first jointly (1375-81), then after Bartolomeo's death only Antonio (1381-87) – also minted coins with the crest of the winged mastiff37. Antonio, a lover of precious items and luxury, had it depicted in products intended for more limited circulation or exclusive exhibition within the court. The opening page of the Commentary on the Letters of the Apostles and the Apocalypse (Vatican City, BAV, Cod. Pal. Lat. 112) was adorned with the lord's coat of arms (a shield with the ladder enclosed between the letters A and N, initials of Antonio), crowned and crested by a helm with the winged mastiff: the representation of the complete Scaliger panoply ensured the identification of the owner of the codex, based on a practice that had become completely common in the second half of the 14th century38. In the case of Cansignorio's sons, then, the absence of any connection with the onomastics of the bearer of the insignia confirms the transformation of the winged mastiff into a lordship emblem and its use, in the years of the rapid decline of Scaliger hegemony, as a strong assertion of authority. On the other hand, it is undoubtedly in this sense that such a crest was recovered by Brunoro during the ephemeral revival of the Scaliger lordship in 140439.

Re: Phoenix heraldry ..... Ficino Cane, another dog man

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Ficino Cane ....

Short biography:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facino_Cane

Condottieridiventura.it ...
https://condottieridiventura.it/facino-cane/ ... automatic translation:
https://condottieridiventura-it.transla ... r_pto=wapp

Image


https://www.archeominosapiens.it/facino ... e-anzasca/
This article is rather interesting for the person Ficino Cane ... the automatic translation:
https://www-archeominosapiens-it.transl ... r_pto=wapp
Ficino Cane shall have married Beatrice da Tender, the daughter of a "Ruggero Cane", who "perhaps was a distant relative to Ficino Cane", in c1395-1388.

Image




************

Fathers of Beatrice de Tenda

This is the wrong "Ruggero Cane Ranieri":
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruggero_Cane_Ranieri ... the correct one is mentioned in the text.
.... the first, also known by the name of Ruggero Cane, was a military man and diplomat in the fourteen seventies. He was a close friend of John Hawkwood (also known with his italian name: Giovanni Acuto) and a trusted person of Bernabò Visconti, dominant figure in Milan.
This is probably the right "Ruggero Cane"
https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ru ... rafico%29/
automatic translation ("Ruggero Cane" is translated to "Roger Dog")
https://www-treccani-it.translate.goog/ ... r_pto=wapp

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_ ... entimiglia
German Wiki presents a version, in which Beatrice de Tenda was the daughter of Wilhelm Lascaris di Ventimiglia, count of Ventimiglia and Tenda.
.... given also in https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventimigl ... eschlecht)
Huck
http://trionfi.com

Phoenix heraldry .... Bona of Savoy, wife of Galeazzo Maria Sforza

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Bona of Savoy ....

.... connected to a Phoenix, definitely.

Image


"Bona di Savoia: the First Woman on an Italian Renaissance Coin"
https://www.cointalk.com/threads/bona-d ... in.363352/


The phoenix of Bona of Savoy was already discussed 2009 in the long exchange betwnn MikeH and me, "The 5x14 Theory: An Investigation" part II ...
viewtopic.php?p=4934#p4934
MikeH wrote:
I found the reference that I had thought said the phoenix was a Savoy device. It actually said that the phoenix was Bona's personal device ("A Sforza Miniature by Cristoforo da Preda," by Michal A. Jacobsen,
Image
vol. 116 (1974), p. 91ff). He does not comment on whether it was a Savoy device. On Bona's personal devices, he cites the same 1894 book that I have been citing, as well as F. Malaguzzi-Valeri, La Corte, Vol. III, p. 157, and G. Clausse: Les Sforza et les arts en Milanais, p. 94). Jacobsen;s example of Bona's phoenix is in the picture of Galeazzo praying that I posted a detail of earlier, from Kaplan's Vol. 2. The bird is in the lower left. Here is the relevant detail:
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The miniature itself was apparently done in April of 1477 and reflects an actual military campaign that Galeazzo led during the autumn of 1476, to free Savoy and Bona's imprisoned sister-in-law from the Burgundians. Contingents from the Bentivoglio of Bologna and the Ganzagas of Mantua joined him. With the onset of winter, both Charles' activity in Piedmont and Galeazzo's ended, but "evidently not before Galeazzo had the best of the fighting," the author says. Galeazzo was assassinated a few weeks later. Jacobsen adds: "Probably the manuscript was ordered by Galeazzo himself but completed after his death upon the instructions of Bona." The text accompanying the illumination is missing, but Jacobsen proposes that it is the psalm beginning "Ad te, Domne, levavi animam meaum" (Unto thee, O Lord, I lift up my soul), the subject of which was "Let not mine enemies triumph over me." Jacobsen observes that "Galeazzo's pose in this illumination was derived from images of King David kneeling in prayer commonly found in initial letters of this very psalm." The illumination forms the letter "A," the first letter of the psalm. The towers are the side, the foliage the top, and the stream running next to the troops is the crossbar.
Image
Lest this point seem stretched, the author shows a similar design, with the text of the psalm attached, in a Hungarian miniature that he argues was inspired by this one; he hypothesizes that a copy of the manuscript was sent to Matthias as part of the engagement of the young Bianca to him. He notes that Galeazzo's portrayal as David, while apparently unique, is typical not only of the Sforzas but the Viscontis before them, back to the first duke. Scholars have been pointing out examples of such apparent self-representation since at least 1963, several of which Jacobsen cites.

Now, Huck, here are some thoughts about some of your remarks on other subjects:

(1) If the thinner gold paint lasts longer, and it was used in the added PMB cards either later than the paint used in the original PMB or by a different workshop, what does that say about the Brera-Brambilla? I have not seen the actual cards, but from photos and people's reports, they really glisten, compared with the CY and the PMB, and close in shine to the Charles VI and some of the PMB-style partial decks. For color photos of examples see http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_ ... ID=5148235.
The Brera-Brambilla would seem, then, to have been done around the time and/or in the workshop of the added PMB cards. We cannot go by clothing and painting styles, because the Sforzas, until Ludovico, deliberately promoted a connection to the Viscontis before them. As Luke Syson observes in his article “Leonardo and Leonardism in Sforza Milan, “It is well known that Both Francesco Sforza and his eldest son and successor were keen to emphasize a dubious continuity with the earlier Visconti regime” (Artists at Court: Image-Making and Identity, 1300-1550, p. 107). This quote is in the context of explaining why the style of the frescoes at the Pavia castello was so conservative, as well as Gian Galeazzo’s commissions at the Certosa.
The debate about the Phoenix endured in this thread a longer time.

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Galeazzo Maria had a coin called "Columbina" (from colombo = dove) short before.

https://www.muenzen-online.com/post/colombina

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A combination of dove and phoenix has appeared in the Michelino deck.

Another combination (also phoenix, dove) has appeared in the speculations around the wife of Bernabo.
Huck
http://trionfi.com