JvR ... Florence 1377

71
In the questions about the oldest playing card note in Florence in the year 1377 it is of interest to understand the city in the specific year 1377 ... it's a year in which Florence is involved in an intensive manner in a war called "war of the eight Saints". It's definitely not a year with "business as usual".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Saints
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_degli_Otto_Santi
War of 8 Saints / Hawkwood https://books.google.de/books?id=kLhb69 ... 77&f=false

Long time history Florence (German)
https://dewiki.de/Lexikon/Geschichte_vo ... hibellinen
Macchiavelli, History of Florence (contains not much to this period) ..... https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2464/2464-h/2464-h.htm
https://cristoraul.org/ENGLISH/readingh ... aints.html

Plague in Florence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronaca_f ... po_Stefani
https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Itali ... hionne.php
Last edited by Huck on 27 Jul 2022, 09:59, edited 1 time in total.
Huck
http://trionfi.com

1377 .... Collection John of Rheinfelden

72
Helmut Rosenfeld 1986 .... https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a138540.pdf ... page 1
Dem Verbot des Kartenspiels in Florenz vom 23./24. März 1377 folgte noch ein Verbot durch die Stadt Siena (06.11. 1377) sowie Paris mit dem Verbot an Werktagen.
automatic translation :
The ban on playing cards in Florence from 23./24. March 1377 was followed by a ban by the city of Siena (November 6, 1377) and Paris with a ban on weekdays.
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ON THE INTRODUCTION OF PLAYING CARDS IN FLORENCE
Franco Pratesi – 27.05.1987 [published The Playing-Card , 17 No. 3 (1989) 107-112.]
(Italian Cards − New Discoveries No. 8)
http://naibi.net/A/20-INTROFLO-Z.pdf

1377: Firenze – Condanne ai giocatori di naibi
Franco Pratesi [09.10.2015, published The Playing-Card, 44/3 (2016): 166–73]
http://naibi.net/A/423-1377-Z.pdf
English abstract
Two books of the Podestà of Florence, with records from July to October 1377, have been examined for this study. In addition to the expected captures of gamblers playing the dice game of Zara − about one hundred− a dozen captures can be read there for players of Naibi, at such an early stage. All these players were Florence dwellers, living in six different parishes all around the town. The spread of the game in Florence is commented on, as well as the implicit confirmation that a remarkable production of playing cards was already established there.
The complete article was translated by Michael S. Howard:
http://pratesitranslations.blogspot.com ... nk_62.html

Franco Pratesi: 1405: Firenze – Condanne del Capitano per carte o naibi .... http://naibi.net/A/413-CAPINAIB-Z.pdf
Franco Pratesi: Condanne a Firenze per giochi di carte (1440-1450) e precoce apparizione dei trionfi .... http://naibi.net/A/78-CARDS.pdf
Franco Pratesi: 1388-1396: Firenze − Condanne per naibi da parte dell’Esecutore .... http://naibi.net/A/417-ESECUTORE-Z.pdf
Franco Pratesi: 1401-1425: Firenze – Condanne per i naibi nei Libri del Giglio .... http://naibi.net/A/420-GIGLIO400-Z.pdf
Franco Pratesi: 1426-1499: Firenze – Condanne per giochi di carte nei Libri del Giglio .... http://naibi.net/A/422-GIGLIO450-Z.pdf
Franco Pratesi: 1440-1450: Firenze – Condanne per giochi di carte nei Libri del Giglio .... http://naibi.net/A/524-GIGLIO26A40-Z.pdf
Franco Pratesi: 1407-1432: Firenze – Condanne del Capitano per naibi .... http://naibi.net/A/503-CAP400-Z.pdf
Franco Pratesi: 1426-1440: Firenze – Condanne per giochi di carte nei Libri del Giglio .... http://naibi.net/A/524-GIGLIO26A40-Z.pdf

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Geschichte der heiligen Katharina von Siena: 1347 - 1380, Band 2
François Émile Chavin de Malan
Manz, 1847 - 318 Seiten
https://books.google.de/books?id=l1BRAA ... &q&f=false
At page 297 a date is given: 13th of January 1377 ... in the course of the text Katharina travels to Florence (page 303) and there she has contact to Nicolaus

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CHIEF EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF SAINT CATHERINE
https://books.google.de/books?id=DA1zEA ... ns&f=false
1347. On March 25th, Catherine, and a twin-sister who dies at once, are born in the Strada dell' Oca, near the fountain of Fontebranda, Siena. She is the youngest of the twenty-five children of Jacopo Benincasa, a dyer, and Lapa, his wife.

1353-4. As a child, Catherine is peculiarly joyous and charming. When six years old she beholds the vision of Christ, arrayed in priestly robes, above the Church of St. Dominic. She is inspired by a longing to imitate the life of the Fathers of the desert, and begins to practise many penances. At the age of seven she makes the vow of virginity. She is drawn to the Order of St. Dominic by the zeal of its founder for the salvation of souls.

1359-1363. Her ascetic practices meet with sharp opposition at home. She is urged to array herself beautifully and to marry, is denied a private chamber, and forced to perform the menial work of the household, etc. In time, however, her perseverance wins the consent of her father and family to her desires.

1363-1364. She is vested with the black and white habit of Saint Dominic, becoming one of the Mantellate, or Dominican tertiaries, devout women who lived under religious rule in their own homes.

1364-1367. She leads in her own room at home the life of a religious recluse, speaking only to her Confessor. She is absorbed in mystical experiences and religious meditation. During this time she learns to read. The period closes with her espousals to Christ, on the last day of Carnival, 1367.

1367-1370. In obedience to the commands of God, and impelled by her love of men, she returns gradually to family and social life. From this time dates her special devotion to the Blessed Sacrament. She joyfully devotes herself to household labours, and to a life of ministration to the sick and needy. In 1368 her father dies, and the Revolution puts an end to the prosperity of the Benincasa family, which is now broken up. Catherine seems to have retained to the end the care of Monna Lapa. In 1370 she dies mystically and returns to life, having received the command to go abroad into the world to save souls.

1370-1374. Her reputation and influence increase. A group of disciples gathers around her. Her correspondence gradually becomes extensive, and she becomes known as a peacemaker. At the same time, her ecstasies and unusual mode of life excite criticism and suspicion. In May, 1374, she visits Florence, perhaps summoned thither to answer charges made against her by certain in the Order. She returns to Siena to minister to the plague-stricken. She meets at this time Fra Raimondo of Capua, her Confessor and biographer. Her gradual induction into public affairs is accompanied by growing sorrow over the corruptions of the Church.

1375. At the invitation of Pietro Gambacorta, Catherine visits Pisa. Her object is to prevent Pisa and Lucca from joining the League of Tuscan cities against the Pope. She meets the Ambassador from the Queen of Cyprus, and zealously undertakes to further the cause of a Crusade. On April 1st she receives the Stigmata in the Church of Santa Cristina; but the marks, at her request, remain invisible. She prophesies the Great Schism. A brief visit to Lucca.

1376. Catherine receives Stefano Maconi as a disciple, and at his instance reconciles the feud between the Maconi and the Tolomei. She attempts by correspondence to reconcile Pope Gregory XI. and the Florentines. On April 1st the Divine Commission to bear the olive to both disputants is given her in a vision. In May, at the request of the Florentines, she goes to Florence. Sent as their representative to Avignon, she reaches that city on June 18th. Gregory entrusts her with the negotiations for peace. The Florentine ambassadors, however, delay their coming, and when they come refuse to ratify her powers. Thwarted in this direction, she devotes all her efforts to persuading the Pope to return to Rome, and triumphing over all obstacles, succeeds. She leaves for home on September 13th, but is retained for a month in Genoa, at the house of Madonna Orietta Scotta. After a short visit at Pisa, she reaches Siena in December or January.

1377. Catherine converts the castle of Belcaro, conveyed to her by its owner, into a monastery. She visits the Salimbeni in their feudal castle at Rocca D'Orcia, for the purpose of healing their family feuds. While here she learns miraculously to write. She also visits Sant' Antimo and Montepulciano.

1378. Gregory, in failing health, perhaps regretting his return, becomes alienated from Catherine. He sends her, however, to Florence, where she stays in a house built for her by Niccolo Soderini, at the foot of the hill of St. George. She succeeds in causing the Interdict to be respected, but almost loses her life in a popular tumult, and keenly regrets not having won the crown of martyrdom. After the death of Gregory, and the establishment of the longed-for peace by Pope Urban, Catherine returns to Siena, where she devotes herself to composing her "Dialogue." After the outbreak of the Schism, Urban, whom she had known at Avignon, summons her to Rome. She reluctantly obeys, and takes up her abode in that city on November 28th, accompanied by a large group of disciples, her "Famiglia," who live together, subsisting on alms. From this time Catherine devotes her whole powers to the cause of Urban. She is his trusted adviser, and seeks earnestly to curb his impatient temper on the one hand, and to keep the sovereigns of Europe faithful to him on the other. She writes on his behalf to the Kings of France and Hungary, to Queen Giovanna of Naples, to the magistrates of Italian cities, to the Italian cardinals who have joined the Schism, and to others. Fra Raimondo, despatched to France, to her grief and exaltation, evades his mission through timidity, to her bitter disappointment, but does not return to Rome till after her death. Catherine's health, always fragile, gives way under her unremitting labours and her great sorrows.

1380. Catherine succeeds in quieting the revolt of the Romans against Urban. She dedicates herself as a sacrificial victim, in expiation of the sins of the Church and of the Roman people. In vision at St. Peter's, on Sexagesima Sunday, the burden of the Ship of the Church descends upon her shoulders. Her physical sufferings increase, and on April 30th she dies, in the presence of her disciples.
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BRIEF TABLE OF CONTEMPORARY PUBLIC EVENTS
https://www.sermonindex.net/modules/bib ... pter=69659
1368-1369. Political Revolution in Siena. The compromise government of the Riformatori is established. The Emperor Charles V. is summoned to the city by the party worsted in the Revolution, joined by certain nobles. He arrives in January, '69, but is forced to withdraw by a popular rising. The nobles are excluded from the chief power and ravaged by feuds among themselves.

1372. Gregory XI. declares war against Bernabo Visconti of Milan, and takes into his pay the English free-lance, Sir John Hawkwood. Peter d'Estaing, appointed Legate of Bologna, makes truce with Bernabo. The latter, however, continues secretly to incite Tuscany to rebel against the Pope, inflaming the indignation of the Tuscans at the arbitrary policy of the Papal Legates, and in particular of the Nuncio, Gerard du Puy, who is supporting the claims of those turbulent nobles, the Salimbeni in Siena. Catherine is in correspondence with both d'Estaing and Du Puy. On April 22nd, Gregory, in full consistory, announces his intention of returning to Rome.

1373. Italy is devastated by petty strife: "It seems as if a planet reigned at this time which produced in the world the following effects: That the Brothers of St. Austin killed their Provincial at Sant' Antonio with a knife; and in Siena was much fighting. At Assisi the Brothers Minor fought, and killed fourteen with a knife. And those of the Rose fought, and drove six away. Also, those of Certosa had great dissensions, and their General came and changed them all about. So all Religious everywhere seemed to have strife and dissension among themselves. And every Religious of whatever rule was oppressed and insulted by the world. So with brothers according to the flesh--cousins, wives, relatives, and neighbours. It seems that there were divisions all over the whole world. In Siena, loyalty was neither proposed nor observed, gentlemen did not show it among themselves nor outside, nor did the Nine among themselves or with outside persons, nor did the Twelve. The people did not agree with their own leader, nor exactly with any one else. Thus all the world was a place of shadows."--_Chronicle of Neri di Donato_.

A Crusade publicly proclaimed by the Pope.

1374. Plague and famine lay Tuscany waste. William of Noellet, the Papal Legate, refuses to allow corn to be imported into Tuscany from the Papal States. Hawkwood, probably at his instigation, ravages the country, and even threatens the city of Florence. Florence, enraged, rebels against the Pope, and appoints from the ranks of the Ghibellines a new body of Magistrates, known as the Eight of War. Meantime, Cione de' Salimbeni is raiding the country around Siena. The roads through the Maremma are insecure for peaceable folk, and the peasants are driven to take refuge in the plague-stricken town.

1375. Eighty Italian cities join a League, headed by Florence, against the Pope, with the watchword, "Fling off the foreign yoke."

1376. Gregory despatches ambassadors to the Eight of War, who scorn his proposals. Florence incites Bologna to revolt, and the Legate flees. The Papal Nuncio is flayed alive in the streets of Florence. The city is placed under an Interdict. Envoys are despatched to Avignon, who set forth eloquently, but to no avail, the grievances of the city. War is declared against Florence by the Pope, and Count Robert of Geneva, with an army of free-lances, is sent into Italy. Count Robert, laying waste the territory of Bologna, summons Hawkwood to his aid, and perpetrates the hideous massacre of Cesena. Catherine, sent to Avignon, fails to procure peace. Gregory, swayed by her representations, returns to Italy, and reaches Rome, after a difficult journey, on January 17th, 1377.

1378. Gregory, exhausted and disappointed by the continued discords in Italy, dies in March. The Archbishop of Bari, known as Urban VI., is appointed his successor. In July, peace is made with Florence, and the Interdict upon the city is raised. The harsh measures of Urban in dealing with the clergy arouse violent antagonism. In June, the Cardinals begin to circulate rumours challenging the validity of the election, and on September 20th they formally announce that the election was invalid, having been forced on them by fear, and appoint as Pope the Cardinal Robert of Geneva, who takes the name of Clement VII.

1379-1380. The Great Schism divides Europe. England remains faithful to Urban: France and Naples, after wavering, declare for Clement. War rages between the two Popes. The schismatic forces gain possession of the Castle of Saint Angelo at Rome, but are driven out by the forces of Urban, who in gratitude marches barefoot in solemn procession from Santa Maria in Trastevere, to St. Peter's. The city, however, later revolts against Urban, but is reconciled to him, partly through the efforts of Catherine. Queen Giovanna of Naples, having conspired against Urban's life, is excommunicated.
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https://de.wikibrief.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena
Catherine kehrte nach Siena zurück und verbrachte die ersten Monate des Jahres 1377 damit, ein Frauenkloster mit strenger Einhaltung außerhalb der Stadt in der alten Festung von Belcaro zu gründen.Den Rest des Jahres 1377 verbrachte sie in Rocca d'Orcia, etwa dreißig Kilometer von Siena entfernt, auf einer örtlichen Mission zur Friedensstiftung und Predigt.Während dieser Zeit, im Herbst 1377, hatte sie die Erfahrung, die zum Schreiben ihres Dialogs führte, und lernte das Schreiben, obwohl sie sich bei ihrer Korrespondenz immer noch hauptsächlich auf ihre Sekretärinnen verlassen zu haben scheint.

Ende 1377 oder Anfang 1378 reiste Katharina auf Befehl Gregors XI. Wieder nach Florenz, um Frieden zwischen Florenz und Rom zu suchen.Nach Gregors Tod im März 1378 brachen am 18. Juni in Florenz die Aufstände der Ciompi aus, und bei der darauf folgenden Gewalt wurde sie fast ermordet.Schließlich wurde im Juli 1378 Frieden zwischen Florenz und Rom vereinbart; Catherine kehrte leise nach Florenz zurück.
automatic translation
Catherine returned to Siena and spent the first months of 1377 founding a convent of strict observance outside the city in the ancient fortress of Belcaro. She spent the rest of 1377 at Rocca d'Orcia, about twenty miles from Siena away, on a local mission of peacemaking and preaching.During this period, in the autumn of 1377, she had the experience which led to the writing of her dialogue and learned to write, although she still relied chiefly on her secretaries for her correspondence to seem to have.
At the end of 1377 or beginning of 1378 Catherine traveled on the orders of Gregory XI. Returned to Florence to seek peace between Florence and Rome. After Gregory's death in March 1378, the Ciompi revolts broke out in Florence on June 18, and in the violence that ensued she was almost murdered. Florence and Rome agreed; Catherine quietly returned to Florence.
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https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ca ... aliana%29/
Nel '77 C. si adoperò molto per la pace fra i Salimbeni e Siena, recandosi in Val d'Orcia: ma l'obiettivo suo era Firenze, dove venne mandata dal papa. L'opera sua fu sommamente difficile per l'esasperazione degli animi che culminò nel tumulto dei Ciompi, in cui la vita di C. corse serio pericolo. Calmata la tempesta, riprese con più lena la missione di pace: questa venne sospesa dalla morte di Gregorio XI, ultimo papa francese, ma subito ripresa sotto Urbano VI. Ottenuta la pace tra Firenze e Roma (luglio '78), C. torna a Siena.
automatic translation
In '77 C. worked hard for peace between the Salimbeni and Siena, going to Val d'Orcia: but her goal was Florence, where she was sent by the pope. Her work was extremely difficult due to the exasperation of minds which culminated in the tumult of the Ciompi, in which C.'s life was in serious danger. The storm calmed down, she resumed the peace mission with more vigor: this was suspended by the death of Gregory XI, the last French pope, but immediately resumed under Urban VI. Having obtained peace between Florence and Rome (July 1978), C. returns to Siena.
Huck
http://trionfi.com