Re: Collection John of Rheinfelden

51
(in work)

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert-Lu ... t_Freiburg
Die äußeren Umstände waren in dieser Zeit jedoch ungünstig, denn mehrfach suchte die Pest die Stadt Freiburg heim, sodass die Universität zeitweise auswandern musste. 1492 erwog man sie dauerhaft nach Rheinfelden zu verlegen. Diese Überlegung erhielt 1496 neuen Auftrieb als es zu Zerwürfnissen zwischen Stadt und Universität kam. Doch bewegte die Anwesenheit Kaiser Maximilians I. beim Reichstag in Freiburg – er war der Hochschule wohlgesinnt – die Stadt zum Einlenken. 1501 wurde die Universität abermals wegen eines Pestausbruchs zeitweise nach Rheinfelden verlegt.[
The university of Freiburg moved occasionally to Rheinfelden in times of the plague.

****************

A Rudolf von Rheinfelden .... (* um 1025; † 15. oder 16. Oktober 1080 bei Hohenmölsen) was for 3 years (1077-1080) an anti-king of the German Emperor Heinrich IV.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Rheinfelden
http://www.ancestors.ch/humo-gen/family ... rson=I2186
He opposed his brother-in-law Heinrich IV, German king from 1056-1105 .... https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_IV._(HRR)
Rudolf was also known as a duke of Schwaben and had also the commission to administrate Burgund since 1057. He got this position from Empress Agnes, who ruled the empire for her 7 -years-old son Heinrich IV.
An aunt of him, Ita of Lothringen, had married Radbot, Graf von Habsburg (985-1045)

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radbot_(Habsburg) ... (* 985; † 30. Juni 1045), he had built the Habsburg
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ita_von_Lothringen .... (* um 980; † 1045)
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_(Burg) .... the castle, where the Habsburger started

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_I._(Habsburg) .... (* 1030; † 11. November 1096), had relations to Rudolf of Rheinfelden
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_II._(Habsburg) .... († 8. November 1111)
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_II._(Habsburg) .... Graf von Habsburg († 19. August 1167)
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_III._(Habsburg) .... genannt der Reiche auch Albert († 10. Februar 1199) war Graf von Habsburg von 1167 bis 1199
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II._(Habsburg) .... Graf von Habsburg, genannt der Gütige oder der Alte († vor 10. April 1232)
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_IV._(Habsburg) .... (* um 1188; † 25. November 1239 in Askalon; genannt der Weise auch der Reiche)
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_I._(HRR) .... (* 1. Mai 1218; † 15. Juli 1291 in Speyer) war als Rudolf IV. ab etwa 1240 Graf von Habsburg und von 1273 bis 1291 der erste römisch-deutsche König aus dem Geschlecht der Habsburger
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_I._(HRR) .... (* Juli 1255 in Rheinfelden; † 1. Mai 1308 in Königsfelden bei Brugg), war ab 1282 Herzog Albrecht I. von Österreich, von Steiermark und von Krain sowie Herr der Windischen Mark[1] sowie ab 1298 römisch-deutscher König aus dem Haus Habsburg.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_ ... sterreich) .... Albrecht II. von Österreich, genannt der Weise oder der Lahme (* 12. Dezember 1298 auf der Habsburg; † 20. Juli 1358 in Wien), war Herzog von Österreich und Herzog von Steiermark (1330 – 1358) sowie Herzog von Kärnten (1335 – 1358), Herr von Krain und Herr der Österreichischen Vorlande.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_III._von_Habsburg .... der Gerechte (* 1. November 1351 in Wien; † 9. Juli 1386 in Sempach) aus dem Haus Habsburg war Herzog von Österreich, Steiermark, Kärnten und Krain. He got Freiburg.

*****************

Herzogtum Schwaben with the old name Alamannien togeter with Burgund (the regions, which were administrated by Rudolf of Rheinfelden between 1057-1077).
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogtum_Schwaben

Image


**************

vh0610
In this light, JvR not only mentions Rheinfelden for the Burg Stein as the center of the Habsburg dynasty (The grandfather of Duke Leopold III is even born in the castle Stein in Rheinfelden, see https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_I._(HRR) ), but also for a model of how nobility and commons can peacefully live together.
The birth of Albrecht happened in 1255. Rudolf I was chosen as Roman king in 1273. In 1283 a Rheinfelder Hausordnung was set up for the Habsburg family.
[ https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinfelder_Hausordnung ]
The first wife Gertrud von Hochstaden had 6 sons and 8 daughters, and she had died in 1281. Likely her death caused the Hausordnung.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Stein_(Rheinfelden)
Mit dem Tod Bertholds V. starben die Zähringer 1218 aus und Kaiser Friedrich II. aus dem Haus der Staufer sicherte umgehend die Burg Stein für das Reich. Im selben Jahr wurde Rheinfelden eine Reichsstadt, die nicht zu der von der Burg aus verwalteten Grafschaft Rheinfelden gehörte. Papst Innozenz IV. exkommunizierte 1251 Friedrichs Sohn Konrad IV. Am 28. Juli 1252 gestattete er Bischof Berthold von Pfirt, die Burg (Castrum Rinvelden in medio Reni situm) zugunsten des Fürstbistums Basel in Besitz zu nehmen. Er begründete dies damit, dass Friedrich II. die Burg nicht für das Reich, sondern für sich und seine Nachkommen erworben habe. Während des Interregnums ab 1254 herrschten die Bischöfe auch über die Stadt. Der 1273 zum König gewählte Rudolf I. aus dem Haus Habsburg stellte die frühere rechtliche Situation wieder her. Die Burg Stein war mehrere Jahrzehnte Hauptwohnsitz der Habsburger und Aufbewahrungsort der Reichskleinodien; 1283 erliess Rudolf dort die Rheinfelder Hausordnung.[4]
Mit dem Amt des Burggrafen wurden in der Folge verschiedene Adelige der näheren und weiteren Umgebung betraut, beispielsweise aus den Geschlechtern Baldegg und Rötteln. Der in Geldnot geratene Herzog Friedrich IV. («mit der leeren Tasche») verpfändete 1405 die Burg an Jakob Zibol, einen reichen Basler Bürger. Die Rheinfelder befürchteten eine militärische Besetzung durch Basel und erklärten im Oktober 1409 eine Fehde. Sie schlugen einen Basler Angriff zurück und hielten die Burg bis zum Friedensschluss im Jahr 1412 besetzt.[5] 1418 fasste König Sigismund Stadt und Burg zu einer Herrschaft zusammen, die 1439 wieder habsburgischer Besitz wurde.

automatic translation:
With the death of Berthold V, the Zähringers died out in 1218 and Emperor Friedrich II from the House of Staufer immediately secured Stein Castle for the empire. In the same year Rheinfelden became an imperial city that did not belong to the county of Rheinfelden, which was administered from the castle. Pope Innocent IV excommunicated Friedrich's son Conrad IV in 1251. On July 28, 1252, he allowed Bishop Berthold von Pfirt to take possession of the castle (Castrum Rinvelden in medio Reni situm) in favor of the Prince Diocese of Basel. He justified this with the fact that Frederick II did not acquire the castle for the empire, but for himself and his descendants. During the interregnum from 1254, the bishops also ruled over the city. Rudolf I of the House of Habsburg, elected king in 1273, restored the previous legal situation. For several decades, Stein Castle was the main residence of the Habsburgs and the repository of imperial regalia; In 1283 Rudolf issued the Rheinfeld house rules there. [4]
Subsequently, various aristocrats from the immediate and wider area were entrusted with the office of burgrave, for example from the Baldegg and Rötteln families. In 1405, Duke Friedrich IV, who was in dire financial straits, pledged the castle to Jakob Zibol, a wealthy Basel citizen. The Rheinfelder feared a military occupation by Basel and declared a feud in October 1409. They repulsed an attack in Basel and held the castle until the conclusion of peace in 1412. [5] In 1418 King Sigismund combined the town and castle into one rule, which in 1439 was again owned by the Habsburgs.


*****************

Generally it's considered, that the lower parts of the societies had in percents more victims of the plague than the higher parts.
Huck
http://trionfi.com

Re: Collection John of Rheinfelden

52
The Zähringer (a family) came from the castle Zähringen. They had strong relations to Rudolf of Rheinfelden and also to the Staufer family, which had later Kings and Emperors of the German Empire.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zähringer
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Zähr ... delfingen)
Image


The castle fragment is 4.5 km in NE-direction of the city Freiburg im Breisgau. This city was founded by the Zähringer family.
One of the Zähringer family married in 1079 a daughter of Rudolf of Rheinfelden .... https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_ ... A4hringen).
When the son of Rudolf of Rheinfelden died in 1090, the son-in-law got rigths on the earlier possions of Rudolf ... https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_von_Rheinfelden
There is an older relationship of the ancestor of the Zähringen family to Rudolf von Rheinfelden.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_ ... A4hringen)
On the following map there are "Zähringer" cities, between them is Freiburg and also Rheinfelden. In other words: there is a complex older relationship between both and - after all - this context cannot add much to the problem of the earliest playing cards.

Image


**************

The terminus "Rheinfelden" appears in 473 Regesten (of totally 196301) ...
http://www.regesta-imperii.de/regesten/ ... 6c07#rinav
The termini "Rheinfelden" and "Habsburg" appear in 25 Regesten.
http://www.regesta-imperii.de/regesten/ ... 6c07#rinav
Huck
http://trionfi.com

JvR ..... maps of trading ways

54
Via Regia 8.-12. century
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Regia

Image



Jakobswege in Germany (i direction to Santiago da Compostela)
http://www.altwege.de/mittelalter-hande ... alter.html

Image



Emperor ways and Emperor stations (Kaiser-Pfalzen)
http://www.altwege.de/kaiser-pfalzen/home-pfalzen.html

Image



Trading ways in Switzerland
http://www.altwege.de/mittelalter-hande ... hweiz.html

Image



Goldene Strasse (Golden route) between Prague and Nuremberg (14th century)
https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayern ... ene_Straße

Image
Huck
http://trionfi.com

JvR ... the year 1377 in Freiburg and Florence

55
One finds not much about the year 1377 in Freiburg. There is a money matter, in which Leopold III is involved with dates and this takes place spring 1377 in Schaffhausen, and there is a contract between Leopold III and Martin Malterer, which has no date. Leopold's presence in Freiburg in this year is possible, but not proven. Most time of 1377 Leopold is in Vienna and he presents there his brother, who is on a crusade journey in Prussia.
Nonetheless the case is interesting. It follows after some remarks about Florence.

Florence in 1377

For the playing card prohibition of Florence in March 1377 we have a rather complicated background. I wrote recently in a private message ...
Image


.. from ...
The Spiritual Power: Republican Florence Under Interdict
Richard C. Trexler, BRILL, 1974 - 208 pages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trexler
.... the author was well known as a specialist for Florence and renaissance.
https://books.google.de/books?id=mu-5RV ... &q&f=false
The given part of the page 130 shows, that the month of the playing card prohibition MARCH 1377 was not an usual month in Florence, it had chaotic states as expectable for a city, which faces an extreme danger (in this case an attacking pope and the news of a massacre in Cesena in February 1377 and a further successful attack on Bologna).
There are various other interesting notes in the text before and after page 130. The whole is just a scene of the "war of the 8 saints" 1375-1378.
I analyse from Florence .... from a personal letter:
The situation of spring 1377 in Florence (prohibition of cards end of March 1377) is generally not normal, but "very excited", probably not about the playing cards, but about the return of the pope to Italy and the brutality of the accompanying military forces. I think, that the prohibition aims at this enemy, so indicating, that the pope and his hired military imported the playing card.
In the Freiburg 1377 situation we have the feature, that Leopold III took up relations to Martin Malterer, who in 1379 was "Hauptmann" in the "Löwenbund", a society, which engaged for the antipope Clemens VII (and also for Leopold III). Clemens was the man, who had the responsibility in February 1377 for the massacte of Cesena (then as a cardinal Robert de Genève), an event, which formed the unusual situation in Florence in March 1377 (the prohibition month).
From this I conclude, that Clemens VII and Leopold III both had access of playing cards in 1377, probable from an older production line made in Bohemia/Nuremberg, who distributed to Western countries in 1376 with the crowning of Wenzel in Aachen. "

The importance of Malterer and Clemens VII I detected recently.


Antipope Clemens VII

Clemens VII, French antipope, also called "butcher of Cesena" cause of his brutal treatment of the inhabitants of Cesena.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_VII._(Gegenpapst)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clément_VII_(antipape)

County of Geneve (Clemens VII was a 5th son of a count of Geneve)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Geneva
Map of Arelat (with County of Geneve)

Image



It's a map of c. 1200, so it's not very precise for 1377. But one can detect, that the County of Geneve isn't very far of Berne, which became known for a playing card prohibition in 1367. Rosenfeld contradicted the value of this date and preferred a 1379 for it, but Kopp and also Hoffmann preferred 1367. Emperor Charles IV visited Berne in 1365 on his journey to the Arelat , and by Hübsch Charles IV was also known for early playing cards. Hübsch isn't totally confirmed in his statements. It's possible, that Charles IV left playing cards in Berne in 1365, but by far it is not proven.

On the same journey of Charles IV at 16th of April 1365 the citizens of Geneve decided to honor the emperor with festivities. Charles IV is then still travelling elsewhere.
"1365 apr. 16, Genf: Die bürger von Genf beschliessen, den kaiser Karl bei seiner durchreise durch die stadt festlich zu empfangen und ihn um bestätigung und vermehrung ihrer freiheiten zu bitten. Mémoires et doc. de Genève 2a,362."

At 3rd of May 1365 Charles IV is in Bern:
https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bs ... &seite=397

At 12th of May 1365 Charles IV is in Chambery, where he allows, that the city of Geneve can build an university.
http://www.regesta-imperii.de/id/e8efa3 ... 1b07a797cd

**************

Martin Malterer

Martin Malterer (1336 - 1386)
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Malterer
https://second.wiki/wiki/martin_malterer

Löwenbund, founded in October 1379. The Löwenbund engaged for the antipope Clemens VII and for Leopold III of Habsburg.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Löwenbund
Martin Malterer was then called "Hauptmann", an important military title

Schwäbischer Städtebund, fought against the Löwenbund till 1382.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwäbischer_Städtebund
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_League_of_Cities

Clemens VII, French antipope, also called "butcher of Cesena" cause of his brutal treatment of the inhabitants of Cesena.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_VII._(Gegenpapst)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clément_VII_(antipape)

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malterer_ ... eschlecht)

https://www.malterer.de/hist.html

https://www.heimatverein-waldkirch.de/h ... _burg.html

http://www.endinger-geschichte.de/wiki/ ... n_Freiburg

http://dl.ub.uni-freiburg.de/diglit/sch ... bc9ca6618d
Image
****************

Münzstätte 1377
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschicht ... m_Breisgau
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Freiburg
Ungeachtet dessen schloss sich Freiburg 1377 mit zahlreichen anderen Münzstätten auf beiden Seiten des Oberrheins und in der Schweiz zum sogenannten Rappenmünzbund zusammen, darunter im Elsass Colmar und Thann, in der Schweiz unter anderen Basel, Schaffhausen, Zürich und Bern sowie weiteren Gebieten im Breisgau und im Sundgau. Dieses einheitliche Münzsystem erleichterte den Handel am Oberrhein. Der Rappenpfennig, die Freiburger Münze, war die Hauptwährungseinheit.
The city then belonged to Further Austria and shared ups and downs with the Habsburgers until the German Reich was dissolved in 1805. Despite this, Freiburg merged with numerous other mints on both sides of the Upper Rhine in 1377 and the so-called "Rappenmünzbund" in Switzerland. Among them included Colmar and Thann in Alsace, Basel, Schaffhausen, Zurich and Bern in Switzerland and in Sundgau. This universal mint system expanded trade across the Upper Rhine. The Rappen penny, used in Freiburg, was the main unit of currency. In 1584, this union was dissolved.
This activity involved a journey of Leopold III to Schaffhausen, possibly also to Freiburg, which is 70 km in distance from Schaffhausen. See below.

**************

Leopold III in 1377

Leopold III (Biography)
https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz57436.html
L. war nach dem Tod seines Bruders und Vormundes Rudolf IV. mit 14 Jahren nach|den Hausgesetzen mündig, doch konnte der ältere Bruder Hzg. Albrecht III. auf Grund des Familienvertrages vom 18.11.1364 als Senior Vorrechte beanspruchen. Zunächst erfolgte eine enge Anlehnung der Habsburger an Kaiser Karl IV., mit dem 1366 gegenseitige Beerbung der Luxemburger und Habsburger vereinbart wurde. Nach dem erfolglosen Feldzug der Bayern gegen Tirol 1368 und dem Frieden von Schärding (1369) nahmen beide Herzöge 1370 die Erbhuldigung in Tirol vor. Wegen Verschuldung übertrugen sie 1370 auf über vier Jahre (bis Ende 1374) die Einnahmen und die freie Verwaltung ihrer Länder an ein Konsortium von fünf Persönlichkeiten, darunter ihre beiden Hofmeister, gegen Zahlung von jährlich 17 000 fl. Wahrscheinlich zu Beginn des Jahres 1372 unternahm L. einen Kreuzzug nach Preußen. Bald danach erfolgte wohl die erste, nicht näher bekannte Verwaltungsteilung. Am 25.7.1373 erhielt L. die Verwaltung Tirols, der Vorlande und Krains, die Einkünfte aller Länder sollten unter den Brüdern gleich geteilt werden. Am 3.6.1375 wurde L. in einem neuen Teilungsvertrag auf 1 Jahr auch die Verwaltung Kärntens, der 1374 nach dem Tod Gf. Albrechts IV. von Görz erworbenen Gebiete in Inner-Istrien und der Windischen Mark sowie der Erwerbungen in Oberitalien überlassen. Am 6.8.1376 wurde jedem Herzog das Recht eingeräumt, nach Belieben Bündnisse zu schließen, die aber dem anderen Herzog nicht nachteilig sein sollten. Während der Preußenfahrt Hzg. Albrechts III. (Juli bis Nov. 1377) besorgte L. die Verwaltung aller Erbländer, schloß jedoch auch ein Bündnis mit dem Hauptfeind Hzg. Albrechts, Gf. Heinrich von Schaunberg. .... etc.
Leopold III was probably in Prussia in the year 1372, his brother Albrecht visited Prussia in July-November 1377. [There are early reports, possibly forged, of playing cards in Prussia, 1309 and c1330. There are also early reports of playing cards, also insecure, in the documents of Jan van Blois and Albrecht, a son of emperor Ludwig the Bavarian, who together also had 2 journeys to Prussia, in the 1360s. ]
Links:
file "Preußisches Landesrecht 1309 (or 1310) ... forgery ?" .... viewtopic.php?p=16357#p16357
thread "Werner von Orseln 1324-30 ; theme -1377" .... viewtopic.php?f=11&t=514&hilit=orseln
thread "Jan van Blois 1362 (incl. Pratesi article) ; theme -1371" .... viewtopic.php?f=11&t=1103
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I ... of_Austria
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_III._von_Habsburg

Lichnowsky, Eduard von: Geschichte des Hauses Habsburg. 4: Geschichte der Söhne Herzog Albrechts des Zweiten (1839)
https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/v ... 346?page=5
https://www.google.de/books/edition/Ges ... =de&gbpv=1

This reports the journey to Schaffhausen in spring 1377:
February 21, 1377, in Kempten
Image


March 14-18, in Schaffhausen
Image


April 21,1377, in Hall im Inntal
Image
****************

1386 Battle of Sempach

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Sempach
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sempach

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Winkelried
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_von_Winkelried

"Halbsuterlied printed in the 1530s by Aegidius Tschudi and Wernher Steiner"
Winkelried: Drama in fünf Akten, metrisch in's Deutsche übertragen von Friedrich Nessle
Jean Jacques Porchat 1846
https://books.google.de/books?id=bRQ7AA ... en&f=false

It's possible, that the story of the death of Leopold III and Martin Malterer on the battlefield had its origin in the literary presentation of the Winkelried legend of 1530. Winkelried himself might also be just a legendary figure.

****************

Freiburg University Material
https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/view/ ... terlichen-

https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/digli ... 98bd2/0043
Image


There is a brother Johans (Johannes ?) 1377 in Freiburg, but he is in a Johanniter convent, not in the place of the Dominicans.
Huck
http://trionfi.com

Re: Collection John of Rheinfelden

56
(in work]

Notes to the period 1365-1380

Good source ....
The great schism. The Council of Constance, 1378-1418
Mandell Creighton
Houghton, Mifflin & Company, 1882
https://books.google.de/books?id=lGINAA ... navlinks_s

Plague (black death) and Dancing plague (1373-1375)
-------------------------
1373/74 ... major outbreaks of the dancing plague (St.Vitus dancing) in England, Netherlands and the Rhineland in Germany (regions with a high population). Major event in Aachen at 24th of June 1374 (Johannes-Nacht) in Aachen.
1374/75 ? .... "There were recurrences of the [black] plague in 1361–63, 1369–71, 1374–75, 1390, and 1400" ?
https://www.britannica.com/event/Black- ... d-outbreak
Reggio d'Emilia was closed in 1374.
Venice: "Quarantäne .... wurde erstmals 1374 in Venedig verhängt und auf 40 Tage festgelegt (ital. quaranti di giorni „40 Tage“)"
Siena: Katharina of Siena became sick in 1374 cause she helped victims.
Bologna: plague in 1374
Milan: 1374
Salzburg: plague between 1367-1374

Magdeburg: epidemical sickness in 1375
England: Pestis quarta 1375
England: "June 27 – Hundred Years' War. The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne."

England: 1379-1383 Pestis quinta; ‘In 1379 there was a great plague in the Northern parts...under the year 1382, a very pestilential fever in many parts of the country’; London was afflicted in 1382, with Kent and others parts in 1383.
https://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm

1375 June 27 - "Hundred Years' War: The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne."
1376 September 13 - Pope Gregory XI left Avignon
1376 October 2 - Gregory took ship in Marseille
1376 December 6 - Gregory reached Corneto (today Tarquinia)
1377 January 13 - Gregory leaves Corneto for Rome
1377 January 17 - Gregory enters Rome
1377 March 25 - Playing cards are prohibited in Florence
1377 May 22 - Gregory issued five Bulls in which the errors of Wyclif were condemned
1377 June 21 – King Edward III of England (b. 1312) died.
1377 July 16 – "Richard II, the 10-year-old grandson of Edward III, is crowned king of England. A minority government is established, and a series of continual councils rule on his behalf until 1381."
1378 March 27 - Pope Gregory XI died
23 cardinals: 6 had stayed in Avignon, one had a special commission in Tuscany. 16 cardinals could vote, from which 11 were from France. From this 6 were from a Limousin party and 4 from a Gallican party and one was undecided. 5 cardinals came from Italy. The Gallican party was ready to join the Italians.
1378 April 8 - Election of pope Urban VI
1378 June .... formation of a party against Urban VI
1378 September 18 - Urban VI created 28 new cardinals (after all other cardinals had left him)
1378 September 20 - Election of antipope Clemens VII
1378 November 29 - Emperor Charles IV died
...... his son Wenzel gets his position
1379 October 17 - Foundation of the Löwenbund (on the side of antipope Clemens VII)



Guinigi (Lucca) / Alberti (Florenz) 1375/76 in England,
https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/francesco-guinigi/
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2591178

A History of the Church in the Middle Ages
by F Donald Logan, Routledge, 02.10.2012 - 384 pages
https://books.google.de/books?id=2Ulp9c ... in&f=false

List French popes
-------------------------
Clemens V. - Bertrand de Got - Villandraut - 1305–1314 - since 1309 in Avignon, counzil of Vienne, 1311–1312
Johannes XXII. - Jacques Duèze - Cahors - 1316–1334 - in Avignon
Benedikt XII. - Jacques Fournier - Saverdun - 1334–1342- in Avignon
Clemens VI. - Pierre Roger - Rosiers-d’Égletons - 1342–1352 - in Avignon
Innozenz VI. - Étienne Aubert - Beyssac - 1352–1362 - in Avignon
Urban V. - Guillaume de Grimoald - Le Pont-de-Montvert - 1362–1370 - in Avignon
Gregor XI. - Pierre Roger de Beaufort - Rosiers-d’Égletons - 1370–1378 - in Avignon, returned to Rome in 1377

Image



From https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_VII._(Gegenpapst)
Kaum war Clemens VII. wieder in Avignon, rührte man in Paris die Werbetrommel für den Genfer und schickte zahlreiche Sonderbotschafter an die verschiedenen Höfe Europas. Wie sehr die päpstliche Sache zum Politikum wurde, zeigt das Beispiel Schottland: Frankreich unterstützte Clemens, also „musste“ England Urban unterstützen, auch wenn sowohl der König als auch Clemens Gesandte zum englischen König schickten. Der König von Schottland sah sich nun in der Lage, zusammen mit Frankreich den englischen König in eine geopolitische Zange zu nehmen und schlug sich sofort auf die Seite von Clemens. Auch war Schottland seit dem 23. Oktober 1295 in der Auld Alliance französischer Bündnispartner.
Im Laufe seines Pontifikats kamen neben Frankreich und Schottland noch Portugal, Aragonien, Kastilien, Navarra, Sizilien, Zypern, die Grafschaft Savoyen und Teile Deutschlands in die clementinische Anhängerschaft. Johanna I., von Neapel war eine schwache Herrscherin und pendelte haltlos zwischen Papst und Gegenpapst. Sie wurde schließlich auf Betreiben von Papst Urban von dessen Nepoten Karl von Durazzo ermordet, der ihr Nachfolger wurde und sich als König von Neapel Karl III. nannte. Als sich aber Karl mit Papst Urban VI. zerstritten hatte, nachdem der König sich geweigert hatte, dem Papst einige der schönsten Provinzen des Königreichs Neapel an den Kirchenstaat abzutreten – wohl als Gegenleistung für die Unterstützung von Papst Urban bei dem Mord an Königin Johanna –, wurde Karl daraufhin vom Papst in seiner Hauptstadt Neapel angegriffen. Karl konnte den Angriff aber abwehren. Daraufhin wurde er ein Anhänger von Papst Clemens VII.
Automatic translation:
As soon as Clement VII was back in Avignon, the drum was promoted in Paris for Geneva and numerous special ambassadors were sent to the various courts of Europe. The example of Scotland shows how much the papal cause became a political issue: France supported Clemens, so England “had” to support Urban, even if both the king and Clemens sent envoys to the English king. The King of Scotland now saw himself in a position, together with France, to put the English king in geopolitical pincers and immediately sided with Clement. Scotland had also been a French ally in the Auld Alliance since October 23, 1295.

In the course of his pontificate, in addition to France and Scotland, Portugal, Aragon, Castile, Navarre, Sicily, Cyprus, the county of Savoy and parts of Germany became part of the Clementine following. Joan I, of Naples, was a weak ruler and shuttled between Pope and Antipope. She was finally murdered at the instigation of Pope Urban by his nepot Karl von Durazzo, who became her successor and became King of Naples Charles III. called. But when Charles met Pope Urban VI. after the king had refused to cede some of the most beautiful provinces of the Kingdom of Naples to the Papal States - probably in return for the support of Pope Urban in the murder of Queen Joanna - Karl was then attacked by the Pope in his capital Naples. Karl was able to repel the attack. He then became a supporter of Pope Clement VII.
Einer seiner prominenten Unterstützer war Vinzenz Ferrer, während Katharina von Siena auf Seiten Urbans VI. stand.

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Löwenbund
Die Gesellschaft mit dem Lewen (auch als Löwengesellschaft und Löwenbund bezeichnet) war eine am 17. Oktober 1379 von 17 Grafen, Rittern und Edelknechten in Wiesbaden gegründete Adelsgesellschaft. Obwohl der Bund schon nach weniger als drei Jahren Aktivität nicht mehr in den Quellen nachzuweisen ist, wird er als „eine der bedeutendsten Adelsverbindungen des 14. Jahrhunderts“ bewertet.
Ausgehend von den Grafen von Nassau und den Grafen von Katzenelnbogen, worauf das Wappentier und die ersten Treffpunkte Wiesbaden und Sankt Goar hinweisen, entstand die Gesellschaft zunächst in der Wetterau. Es schlossen sich mit der Zeit weitere Adelige an, so dass die Gesellschaft am Ende in sechs Teilgesellschaften, Lothringen, Franken, Niederlande, Schwaben, Elsass und Breisgau aufgeteilt wurde.
Automatic translation
The Society with the Lewen (also known as the Lion Society and the Lion Society) was a noble society founded on October 17, 1379 by 17 counts, knights and servants in Wiesbaden. Although the federal government can no longer be found in the sources after less than three years of activity, it is rated as "one of the most important aristocratic associations of the 14th century".
Based on the Counts of Nassau and the Counts of Katzenelnbogen, as indicated by the heraldic animal and the first meeting points in Wiesbaden and Sankt Goar, the company first came into being in the Wetterau. Over time, other aristocrats joined them, so that the company was ultimately divided into six sub-companies, Lorraine, Franconia, the Netherlands, Swabia, Alsace and Breisgau.
Huck
http://trionfi.com

Re: Collection John of Rheinfelden

57
Here's the right place for new ideas about JvR ....

.... somehow the earlier discussion stopped at this point.
1375 June 27 - "Hundred Years' War: The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne."
1376 September 13 - Pope Gregory XI left Avignon
1376 October 2 - Gregory took ship in Marseille
1376 December 6 - Gregory reached Corneto (today Tarquinia)
1377 January 13 - Gregory leaves Corneto for Rome
1377 January 17 - Gregory enters Rome
1377 February 3 - massacre of Cesena
1377 March 25 - Playing cards are prohibited in Florence
1377 May 22 - Gregory issued five Bulls in which the errors of Wyclif were condemned
1377 June 21 – King Edward III of England (b. 1312) died.
1377 July 16 – "Richard II, the 10-year-old grandson of Edward III, is crowned king of England. A minority government is established, and a series of continual councils rule on his behalf until 1381."
1378 March 27 - Pope Gregory XI died
23 cardinals: 6 had stayed in Avignon, one had a special commission in Tuscany. 16 cardinals could vote, from which 11 were from France. From this 6 were from a Limousin party and 4 from a Gallican party and one was undecided. 5 cardinals came from Italy. The Gallican party was ready to join the Italians.
1378 April 8 - Election of pope Urban VI
1378 June .... formation of a party against Urban VI
1378 September 18 - Urban VI created 28 new cardinals (after all other cardinals had left him)
1378 September 20 - Election of antipope Clemens VII ... start of the schism
1378 November 29 - Emperor Charles IV died
...... his son Wenzel gets his position
1379 October 17 - Foundation of the Löwenbund (on the side of antipope Clemens VII)
Huck
http://trionfi.com

Re: Collection John of Rheinfelden

58
[I follow Huck's advise to continue the discussion in this thread]

You raise a very interesting question, Phaeded:
Phaeded wrote: 25 May 2022, 05:01 Is it more likely a moralizing treatise by a monk transformed playing cards or that he simply recorded what he saw?
For me it is the former, i.e. "a moralizing treatise by a monk transformed playing cards" - because the aim of his work is moralizing --that is event the title-- and he writes explicitely "adaptari" in Latin. This seems to be often overlooked: JvR tells us in Latin that he adapts what we writes on cards such that the allegory fits for moralization. He wants to bring to congruency the world as he percieves it and the cards freshly arrived in 1377 such that an allegory can hold. If part 2 and part 3 are written later than 1377 --what I strongly propose--, then he needs to adapt even more in order to change the game from a war game to a court game following de Cessolis. And read precisely, whenever chess gets into the text, the chess parts seem to be glued into a former main body.

Let us also not forget what Kopp wrote on this:

Kopp, P. F. (1973). Die frühesten Spielkarten in der Schweiz. Zeitschrift für schweizerische Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte, pp. 130 -145
[p.132]

Keine Begründung haben wir gefunden für die übrigen Spielvarianten, welche Johannes aufzählt. Es wäre zwar denkbar, daß er sie erfunden hätte, um plausibel zu machen, daß es viele Möglichkeiten des Kartenspiels gäbe; da es aber tatsächlich später solche Varianten, auch Abweichungen von der Vierzahl der Zeichen, gab, ist es auch möglich, daß sie schon 1377 existierten.


[We have not found any justification for the other game variants, which Johannes lists. It would be conceivable that he would have invented them to make plausible that there were many possibilities of the card game; but since there were in fact later such variants, also deviations from the four characters, it is also possible that they already possible that they already existed in 1377.]
I already wrote in the earlier post in the Imperatori tread that "there were in fact later such variants, also deviations from the four characters, it is also possible that they already possible that they already existed in 1377." does not hold for me, since the later variants may be based on the description of JvR - and later means at least 50 years later.


[W.r.t. "he simply recorded what he saw" I will give an answer in some seconds when responding to Huck.]

Answering your remark:
Phaeded wrote: 25 May 2022, 05:01 Not sure how that could have been a best seller...its not like JvR is otherwise famous with numerous manuscripts floating around.
I read somewhere that 5 surviving manuscripts (in the sense of the word: manu scriptum, written by hand) spread over Europe are already an indication for "numerous manuscripts floating around". I have to refind the reference (which will not be simple).

Re: Collection John of Rheinfelden

59
@Huck
Huck wrote: 25 May 2022, 08:37

The German translation of the English text presented by Roger Tilley clearly presents the text in a manner, that Johannes offers "observations", not "own inventions".
The Bond translation we had given.

The Kopp translations of 1973 we had given also.
viewtopic.php?f=11&t=1094&p=24280#p24280
and Phaeded
Phaeded wrote: 25 May 2022, 05:01 Is it more likely a moralizing treatise by a monk transformed playing cards or that he simply recorded what he saw?
Note that I am referring to the Latin text of JvR, not to a translation. And in the JvR original, after the description of the mamluk deck, there is only
Postea sunt alii qui eodem modo ludum faciunt de reginis et cum tottidem cartulis ut de regibus iam dictum est. Similiter sunt alii qui cartulas seu ludum sic ordinant, quod sunt duo reges cum marschalchis [...]

[Afterwards there are others who make the game in the same way with queens and with as many cards as it has already said about kings. Similarly there are others who order the cards or the game in such a way that there are two kings with the marshals [...]
]
Note that JvR does not say "as I observe" or "as I see" or "as now also played in our town" but he only says: "there are others who".

Who are the others? Where are the others?

It is so vague, it is not a description of the others, who could have been differentiated in groups, for instance.

Re: Collection John of Rheinfelden

60
vh0610 wrote: 17 Oct 2021, 21:28 JvR as a Christian monk from the order of the preachers saw the danger he wanted to point at with his treatise that the re-established order in Basel under the Habsburg command in 1377 was like being hold back by a dam being very unstable and prone to be broken through. The whole treatise is written in order to appease the situation and to restabilise the ordered world of medieval times.
....

[Thus, in various contexts, he [JvR; vh0610] compares the card game as a war between several parties [...] In another place, John points out that some cards represent nobles, but others represent commoners, and their encounter in battle proceeds in such a way that sometimes the nobles, sometimes the commoners, win the victory and triumph in battle.]

I agree with this general sentiment - the opposed marschalli, both holding an upward or downward/"evil" sign - are fundamental to the adaptation in Europe, and likely took on a nobility vs commoner connotation (especially in a city like Florence where elites had been identified as the problem and formed a republic, and had its own troubles in 1378 with the Ciompi).

But where you go with all these specifics of JvR is almost to suggest this opposition of 'marshalli' was created in the Basel/Freiburg region (and I lived in the latter for six months, so know the lay of the land). Instead, all you've done is to explain JvR's propensities - not the origin of the marshalli, just his interpretation or rather local social context, of local elites vs local commoners. I posted a list of peasant (often wool worker) uprisings surrounding JvR's publication - his situation is just one among many. But where are opposed marshalli part of the narrative in JvR or local lore?

Instead consider the Chronicle of Froissart featuring opposed marshalli - much more famous than JvR and describing events more notable that anything that happened in the Upper Rhine - specifically the infamous episode that preceded the arrival of playing cards: the ultimately disastrous charge of the French, two heavy cavalry units each led by one of the two marshals of France, Arnoul d'Audrehem and Jean de Clermont, at the Battle of Poitiers. The French king himself is captured, held in London and finally ransomed. Nothing comes close to the notoriety of that event (1356) before the arrival of cards, besides the Crusade/raid of Alexandria in 1365 (arguably where the Mamluks came from), equally feted in the written word, in such works as Machaut's Prise d'Alexandrie written shortly after the event. The name inherited by JvR, marshalli, points to an elite social milieu. Peasant uprisings aren't lead by a courtly marshal.

The elder/"good" Marshal Clermont (as being able to offer sagacious advice to the king, vs. the younger/"evil" d'Audrehem who taunted Clermont into charging early at the same time as his unit before the reinforcements were brought up), is even specifically linked to the importance given to "signs" in JvR:
Perhaps the most disturbing heraldic reference in the Chronicles [Froissart], however, concerns an episode from Book IV which closes this essay. It is significant because it provides an ironic echo to an earlier incident from Book I: the famous, heated exchange between Sir John Chandos and Marshal Clermont just before the battle of Poitiers. Each is outraged to discover the other wearing the same romantic device sewn onto his sleeve as a heraldic charge – a blue lady embroidered over a sunburst:
…The Marshal of France asked Sir John Chandos just when he had adopted and for how long he had been wearing his device. The English knight replied that this was no business of Clermont’s and that the device was there to be adopted by him as much as by anyone else.’
This romantic, if to our modern eyes somewhat extravagant and pointless exchange is nonetheless an interesting instance of erotic heraldry.”
(Peter Ainsworth, “Heralds, Heraldry and the Colour Blue in the Chronicles of Jean Froissart” in The Medieval Chronicle: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle. Netherlands: Rodopi, 1999: 40-55, 47).

The "signs" in all the earliest surviving Swiss/S.German decks are nothing less than heraldry, even if just a generic shorthand to suggest that (they usually refer to the suit). In the person of Clermont we have both "dueling" signs and then the disagreement with his own co-marshal in the ensuing Battle of Poitiers.

Clearly this chivalric pissing match, suggested by mere shields or suit symbols in the playing cards, could have been reinterpreted as elites vs. commoners following the peasant uprisings. And indeed we also find that in Froissart:
In Book II it [heraldry] occurs as part of an oppositive system whereby the coats, devices and other military attributes of the legitimate rulers of Flanders are discreetly but insistently contrasted with the anti or sub-heraldry of the Flemish communes…what is worth emphasizing here is the manner in which the ‘synedochic’ spectacle of heraldry crushing anti-heraldry comes to convey, ironically, the growing power and dignity of non-aristocratic political forces. (ibid, 46)
But the peak for the uprisings comes later; the infamous chivalric event of a good marshal, Clermont - involved in both opposed "signs" (vs Chandos) and an opposed marshal (d'Audrehem) - was ready material for a game of court cards featuring two advisors beneath a king; St. Bernardino calls them milites superiores et inferiores (soldiers upper and lower); not elite and rebel leaders, although interpreted that way by JvR and others.

An organization that featured marshalli - say, a military order that took part in capturing a rich mamluk city and were previously present at the infamous battle of Poitiers - would have been most likely to have been the ones to adapt Mamluks into the format that JvR came to know as the most "common" - featuring marshalli - no? And if that military order had several of their commandaries (chapter houses) in the Upper Rhine with a principal one located between Freiburg and Basel at Heitersheim (again, acquired by the Hospitallers in 1272 and holding court there as Landgericht after 1276), the means of early transmission to the region are easily explained. Whether multiple games developed immediately or not is besides the point.

As an aside from the primary point above, Imperatori is clearly popular in German-speaking lands, exists by 1423 (and obviously sometime earlier than that date), but why isn't that mentioned in the Basel version from 1429 of JvR’s tractatus?

Phaeded
cron