Re: Cologne exhibition: 3 Magi

31
English wiki:
"The pileus was especially associated with the manumission of slaves, who wore it upon their liberation. It became emblematic of liberty and freedom from bondage.[2] During the classic revival of the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe it was widely confused with the Phrygian cap, (a similarly conical cap but which has the point softened and pulled forward) which, in turn, appeared frequently on statuary and heraldic devices as a "liberty cap.".
I didn't speak of the Pileus. I was interested in the Phrygian cap.

In your contribution you reflected the Magician of the PMB. So maybe you were interested in the longer work of Rosanne to the hat of the Magician, in which the hat had nothing to do with pileus or Phrygian hat-cap. You're not, as you reassured.
Well, Rosanne's straw hat theory didn't reflect the hat of the Magician on the head of the Magician, but the hat on the table of the Magician (well, there is an object, which is not easy to decipher).

I personally - I'm not a hat specialist - don't see any relevance of a connection between the Magician hat to Pileus or to Phrygian cap-hat. It's just my humble opinion, that this is a rather senseless relation.

For Grasset Saint-Sauveur the Phrygian hat was also only peripheric, as the symbol was chosen by the Sansculottes and he belonged to this political group for some time. Then it was also addressed the "red cap of liberty".

Image

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-culottes
And your closing sentence :
Generally I was interested in the connections between the 3 holy mages and the Trionfi card development of 15th century. The Phrygian hat appeared only in the periphery.
is interesting in so far that it shows your self-confinement in already pre-meditated ideas.
Especially when you are interested in the >> Trionfi card development of 15th century << because those myths of old and legends and knowledge of them were the news of the day (RENAISSANCE!!) and were what shaped the pictures on Trionfi cards.

How can you be OK with defying yourself – and your READERS who TRUST you – such defining knowledge of historical cross-wise connections through ages and cultures with good conscience??
I don't know, how you define "pre-meditated ideas" and what you precisely meant with this especially in this thread.
Huck
http://trionfi.com

Re: Cologne exhibition: 3 Magi

33
So you found an ENGLISH Wikipedia article about the SANS CULOTTES of the French revolution that describes the confusion of conception in 18th century France of the Phrygian Cap (that was YOUR only item of interest so far and until NOW – and further on – so it seems... ) with the Pileus/Pilos.

BRAVO!

You may just have mentioned THAT when I spoke about this confusion since my 1st post in this thread – you may as well have corrected Phaeded when he uttered that « just hitting Wiki » on that subject of interest (the Phrygian Cap) should do and save wasted time and posted that wrong information?
Interestingly you never brought that up or even just replied to THAT!

I'm sure that any interested reader will get that this confusion of conception and the REAL story behind these both items should be interesting for a RESEARCHER.

I've explained all that at length before and since all is only a page back everyone who is interested can read it there.

I really do not understand (logically!) WHY it is so difficult for you to accept new and completing info on the subject of your interest >> The Phrygian Cap << of your FIRST post here in this topic with pics and all.
A normal reaction would have been (at least were I come from!) :

>> Thanks for that information. I didn't know that. THAT is interesting. <<
or
>> I know. But I did not focus on that because... (I'm not interested in the historical background of that confusion... ).

But my 1st addition to your stance on >> The Phrygian Cap << was the MATERIAL the early >> Phrygian Caps << were made of – that you didn't recognize so far in your replies – although it should be hugely interesting for someone (like you) who was wondering about those >> Phrygian Caps << on the heads of the 3 Magi in early Christianity and WHY they were there and WHAT they signified (the men AND the CAPs). I explained that a symbol or depiction could not be understood correctly when the examiner doesn't look at first at ALL the INFO that it is available from any source he can find – to have AFTERWARDS the ability to decide in what CONTEXT the depiction is possibly to be understood!

Elmar Eggert and Angela Schrott came in their « Historische Sprachwissenschaft als philologische Kulturwissenschaft » to a similar conclusion as I myself in my posts here in short :

due to Gérard Seiterle (and his experimental archaeological findings) in : >> Die Urform der phrygischen Mütze << 1985 the « Marianne (of the French revolution) wears a bull's scrotum on the head «
… Marianne porte un scrotum de taureau sur la tête ...

https://books.google.de/books?id=3oMtCg ... ze&f=false
Now you are not interested in such details (you mentioned that... ) – but I AM and I THINK that many readers are (proven by that round about 1500 clicks your old thread from 2014 got in 2 WEEKS – what is 1/3 on top of what your topic gained in 1 ½ YEARS. So I would think it would be only polite if you wouldn't just complicate a complicated subject : >> The Phrygian Cap << and it's connotations.

WHY these connotations lead (with some cross-referencing and background information into TAROT I only scratched upon so far because when fundamental basic knowledge is not only not present but DENIED it's dignity...
[Huck:] Legends are only legends, …

viewtopic.php?f=11&t=1047&start=20#p16804
… no one can reflect on what was going on in the heads of Renaissance people with such an attitude because ALL this legendary stuff was the latest NEWS to them and referred to as the highest possible knowledge on what science (ALCHEMY – this was the only SCIENCE they HAD and practiced!!) and art could present!

In our conversations so far you proved again and again your scorn for the period correct social CULTURE of the day (Freemasonry and Rosicrucianism during the Baroque era and Alchemy and Magic from the dark ages on during Renaissance and further... ) - so this statement is mysterious to me :
I don't know, how you define "pre-meditated ideas" and what you precisely meant with this especially in this thread.
I mean that your SCOPE on the story is not wide enough and that you only look at the things that you are OK with because they fit your « footing ».

Because of that I asked you why you did STOP with your RESEARCH on the >> The Phrygian Cap << where you did and switched to the « Crowns » on the heads of the 3 KINGS which both (the Kingship and the number 3) are a later attempt to whiten this dark seed.
I wondered when I read your texts Huck why you wouldn't dig deeper and stop where you did – and use pretty obscure sources for some of your conclusions (concerning Attis and ZEUS Zagreus??) - just to embark on the crown thing what is a very late western invention and what would it get you or anyone else concerning the Phrygian caps on the heads of the wise men? But I do not want to come across as rude – just wondering. °°

viewtopic.php?f=11&t=1047&start=20#p16795
With your « ZEUS Zagreus » mistake alone you show again your heartfelt disrespect for antique sources and myths and conception of life and living.
Phrygian cults had been Cybele, Attis and Zeus Zagreus, also called Sabazios:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabazios
Zeus Zagreus had a strong connection to the general Dionysos cult. owonder, the Phrygians lived in a wine region.

Zeus Zagreus (a child god later, but possibly as Sabazios a horse riding god originally) became victim to the Titans, who hunted him. They cut him to pieces. But he returned back.
You really should have searched for Zagreus - he has so deep meaning.

How can you be comfortable with the mindset of people from the 15th Century who were THRIVING in such concepts?
You are not!

You try to make them MODERN people. And so there is no way to understand for example The RED MAN and the item(s) on his table that you deem to be >> interpreted << so fine by that Rosanne person at Aeclectic in some mysterious thread.

Because I said that I plan to explain that card in an extra topic on my own I will give you another example of misconception and misinterpretation by « experts » on the PMB.

HERE I mentioned « The RED MAN » from the PMB only in reference to the SEAFARING connection that the Pileus (that YOU are not interested in... ) on the head of Odysseus AND the nameless BATELEUR of the CARY SHEET bears.
When you look at the Cary-Sheet you will see the later >>BATELEUR<< wear a pileus hat what signifies him as a FREE man – hatched from the egg of the world (in myth and later TdMs) °°

viewtopic.php?f=11&t=1047&start=20#p16797
My example of misconception by « experts » on the PMB should be this time « Fortitude »

http://www.themorgan.org/collection/tar ... 01/zoomify

The link is to The MORGAN where this giant is at home today.

The picture is widely (to my knowledge) conceived as HERCULES.
Probably because of the lion in the picture and the club because a « gnarled club « is often found as his favorite weapon in the Greek poems.

This is of course TOTALLY wrong.

As far as HERCULES is concerned his club is described as « olive wood » and he used the club only to stun the Nemean Lion who was his 1st labor of 12. He choked him afterwards with his arms and hands to death in the lion's cave. Ever after HERCULES wore the skin of THIS lion because it was protective against all man made weapons and nothing could penetrate it.

So if you know that (and more > search for Nemean Lion!) - what is wrong with the picture?

1. Olive wood makes GOOD clubs – but if you want to use it as a weapon for some time it has to be strong and well maintained (oiled and polished maybe) what would make it golden brown in color:

http://maasaimarket.ecrater.com/p/14471 ... club-rungu

Should wood be GREEN - like in the picture - it wouldn't be STRONG. It would either be young and soft or old and moldy.

2. There is no CAVE – it's an open field.

3. The gigantic YOUNG man wears NO beard and would be never able to wear that tiny lion skin as armor.

The PMB is very artful and has in scale depiction of the subjects no problem. The only example of such a “scale break” would be the tiny rider above the later baptized JUSTICE – but there it is (and that you can take from the composition and setting of that picture) allegorical.
You & I have discussed the allegorical matter (and it's connotations) before in >> The Visconti-Sforza-Tarot in 3-D << at length already.

So when you have a picture as « Fortitude » it should be best to look at other pictures of HERCULES and see that he is never shown as a giant in this setting with the Nemean lion because this would be totally absurd.

1. A GIANT wouldn't have had any problem with that tiny beast – naughty as it may behave towards MEN – there would have been no heroism in killing it and...

2. … his skin could perhaps serve as a monokini for the big guy but not as full-body-armor.

Confronted with such « in situ problems » an expert should go and look for a better fitting role model... ...and the expert should find...

… ORION. (and search > ...)

ORION is the GIGANTIC son of GAIA.
He is described as a marvelous hunter in fields and woods and his weapon of choice is a BRONZE CLUB. He could kill any prey and predator as a hunter.
BRONZE would turn GREEN with time.

When you now KNOW that ORION is depicted the whole possible BACKstory to the picture goes in a whole other direction and is MUCH deeper and older...

That's why myth's matter. And Filippo Maria Visconti knew that of course.
Like any other Renaissance aristocrat – and it was the entertainment of the day to KNOW this stuff.
You could show off in elaborated conversations...

OK - not here of course – because : HERE legends are only legends so it seems...

Adrian

Re: Cologne exhibition: 3 Magi

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Yes - I can see that Huck.

But as I mentioned above in reference to "Rosanne's straw hat theory" (that you were claiming to have "some merits" without linking to her) that I did plan to do a post on that subject myself (before I explained "Fortitude" to be ORION and NOT Hercules) I posted a topic today about >> The RED MAN of The Visconti-Sforza Tarot (PMB) << with that title in >> Bianca's Garden <<.

viewtopic.php?f=23&t=1101

Have a look to compare my explanation to her "interpretation" as you called it somewhere above.
You could still give a link here so that I could educate myself ...

Adrian

Re: Cologne exhibition: 3 Magi

37
In the research of "tre corone" (three crowns) in the thread "How Petrarca became famous" ... viewtopic.php?p=25518#p25518 .... I was surprized by 3 crowns on a Swedish flag ....
"Three Crowns (Swedish: tre kronor) is the national emblem of Sweden, present in the coat of arms of Sweden, and composed of three yellow or gilded coronets ordered two above and one below, placed on a blue background."
Image



My natural question was: "How did the 3 Holy Kings from Cologne come to Sweden?" My results ...

Albert, King of Sweden
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Sweden
In 1363, members of the Swedish Council of Aristocracy, led by Bo Jonsson Grip, arrived at the court of Mecklenburg. They had been banished from Sweden after a revolt against king Magnus IV who was unpopular with the nobility. At the nobles' request, Albert launched an invasion of Sweden supported by several German dukes and counts and several Hanseatic cities in Northern Germany. Stockholm and Kalmar in Sweden, with large Hanseatic populations, also welcomed the intervention.
Albert was proclaimed King of Sweden and officially crowned on 18 February 1364. The coronation took place at the Stones of Mora. A fragment still remains of the stone commemorating the occasion called the Three Crowns stone. This is the earliest known example of the use of the three crowns as a national symbol for Sweden.
The arrival of Albert led to eight years of civil war in Sweden between Albert's and Magnus's supporters.
Image
the seal of Albert, King of Sweden ( https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_ ... cklenburg) )

King Waldemar IV of Denmark ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_IV_of_Denmark
... was the foe

First war against Waldemar
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Waldemarkrieg
Kurze Zeit später versuchte die Hanse die Niederlage gegen Dänemark zu überwinden, indem sie sich im November 1367 in Köln zu einem Bündnis, der Kölner Konföderation, die aus bis zu 57 Hansestädten bestand, zusammenschloss, dem sich im Februar 1368 in Lübeck auch König Albrecht von Schweden und weitere norddeutsche und dänische Adlige anschlossen. Im April 1368 kam es zum Zweiten Waldemarkrieg gegen Dänemark, der September 1369 mit der Einnahme von Helsingborg endete, und in den Frieden von Stralsund mit König Waldemar von Dänemark im Mai 1370 mündete, und zu einer fast vollständigen Restaurierung der uneingeschränkten Macht der Hanse im Ostseeraum führte.
automatic translation
A short time later, the Hanseatic League tried to overcome the defeat by Denmark by forming an alliance in November 1367 in Cologne, the Cologne Confederation, which consisted of up to 57 Hanseatic cities, which King Albrecht von Sweden and other North German and Danish nobles joined. April 1368 saw the Second Waldemar War against Denmark, which ended with the capture of Helsingborg in September 1369 and culminated in the Peace of Stralsund with King Valdemar of Denmark in May 1370, and an almost complete restoration of the Hanseatic League's unrestricted power in the Baltic region led.
Cologne confederation (1367)
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kölner_Konföderation

Albrecht III and his father
https://www.meckpress.de/2014/11/04/der ... cklenburg/
Image
Albrecht III and his son
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_V._(Mecklenburg)
Image
****************

I got a suspicion, and I checked if "Mecklenburg" (which is the name of a region in Germany with various cities) has signs of some early sympathy for the 3 _Holy Kings.

Meister des Rostocker Dreikönigsaltar ca 1425
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meister_d ... m%20regum).

St.-Nikolai-Kirche (Altefähr) opposite of Stralsund .... Old 15th century church with paintings of the 3 Holy Kings
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.-Nikol ... (Altefähr)
also at https://web.archive.org/web/20090614015 ... 478.0.html
Wismar Nikolai church
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaiki ... der_Könige
Das Holzrelief (Bild) mit der Darstellung der Anbetung der heiligen drei Könige ist eine Arbeit aus der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts.
Image
Image


Lübeck , Dortmund-Soest, Köln, Marienburg ---- a "Bank" institute formed by Banks from 4 cities, one of them called Heilige-Drei-Könige-Bank founded in 1483 ....
https://www.bankenbrueder.de/heilige-dr ... -bank.html
This is somehow connected to the Artushof in the city Danzig, a building, which was burnt in 1476 and renovated and reopened in the year 1483.
1481 Gründung der St. Reinholds-Bank im Artushof zu Danzig
1482 Gründung der St. Christophorus Bank,
1483 Gründung der Heilige Drei Könige Bank und
1487 Gründung der Marienburger Bank, ebendort
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artushof_Danzig
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artus_Court

Image
Artushof
lt. Preuss. Wb. (Z) 1, 214 „öffentl. Gebäude, das den Kaufleuten zu Beratungen und Versammlungen diente, genannt nach König Artus und seiner Tafelrunde. In Thorn wird ein A. 1310, Elbing 1319, Braunsberg 1353 genannt, in Danzig vor 1350“.
... public building used by merchants for consultations and meetings, named after King Arthur and his Round Table. In Thorn in the year 1310, Elbing 1319, Braunsberg 1353 is mentioned, in Danzig before 1350
Torun-Danzig-Elblag-Braniewo
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Toruń,+ ... 797128!3e2

The background for all this is the Hanse, a large trading net, in which Cologne had a major role especially for vine products.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League

******************************

A wikiwands page with interesting details to "Three Cowns"....
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Three_Crowns

.... still in work ...
Huck
http://trionfi.com

Re: Cologne exhibition: 3 Magi

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In work

I wrote ...
A wikiwands page with interesting details ....
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Three_Crowns
The page contains interesting facts about "3 crowns" and I started to research about them.

*********************************

East Anglia .... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia

modern Flag of East Anglia (3 crowns and cross of St. George)

Image



East Anglia location

Image


East Anglia oldest heraldic
Image


Symbols and culture
Three crowns emblem at Saxmundham's parish church, baptismal font c. 1400
A shield of three golden crowns, placed two above one, on a blue background has been used as a symbol of East Anglia for centuries. The coat of arms was ascribed by medieval heralds to the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of East Anglia and the Wuffingas dynasty which ruled it. The arms are effectively identical to the coat of arms of Sweden.
The three crowns appear, carved in stone, on the baptismal font (c.1400) in the parish church of Saxmundham, and on the 15th-century porch of Woolpit church, both in Suffolk. They also appear in local heraldry and form part of the arms of the diocese of Ely and the arms of the borough of Bury St Edmunds, where the crowns are shown pierced with arrows to represent the martyrdom of Edmund the Martyr, the last king of East Anglia. Other users of the arms include the former Isle of Ely County Council, the Borough of Colchester and the University of East Anglia.
https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldryw ... nt_Edmunds ... from 1606
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms ... ouncil.svg ... no date
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Colchester ... no date
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia ... 20th century

****************

3 crowns as heraldic of King Arthur inside the 9 Worthies

Cologne City council ca. 1350, King Arthur in the oldest extant presentation of the 9 Worthies (9 Helden)

Image



Wall Carpet 1385, King Arthur in a presentation of the 9 Worthies
https://www.wga.hu/html_m/b/bataille/worthies.html
Wool, 427 x 297 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York ; John of Berry collected and commissioned numerous large tapestries. A large tapestry series about the Nine Worthies was very likely an extravagant gift from his brother, the Duke of Anjou. Produced under the supervision of Nicolas Bataille, these tapestries represent high-born heroes of chivalric tales, such as King Arthur and Hector of Troy.
Image




Thomas of Saluzzo as King Arthur, King Arthur in a presentation of the 9 Worthies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_I_of_Saluzzo
Saluzzo castello in Manta (ca. 1430)

Image



Lucas van Leyden ca. 1520, King Arthur in a presentation of the 9 Worthies

Image



Dutch production 1567, King Arthur in a presentation of the 9 Worthies

Image


******************
Last edited by Huck on 01 Nov 2022, 20:28, edited 2 times in total.
Huck
http://trionfi.com

Re: Cologne exhibition: 3 Magi

39
Although I don't see where this is going, I will participate marginally in this discussion.

Huck wrote
My natural question was: "How did the 3 Holy Kings from Cologne come to Sweden?" My results ...

Albert, King of Sweden
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Sweden

In 1363, members of the Swedish Council of Aristocracy, led by Bo Jonsson Grip, arrived at the court of Mecklenburg. They had been banished from Sweden after a revolt against king Magnus IV who was unpopular with the nobility. At the nobles' request, Albert launched an invasion of Sweden supported by several German dukes and counts and several Hanseatic cities in Northern Germany. Stockholm and Kalmar in Sweden, with large Hanseatic populations, also welcomed the intervention.
Albert was proclaimed King of Sweden and officially crowned on 18 February 1364. The coronation took place at the Stones of Mora. A fragment still remains of the stone commemorating the occasion called the Three Crowns stone. This is the earliest known example of the use of the three crowns as a national symbol for Sweden.
The arrival of Albert led to eight years of civil war in Sweden between Albert's and Magnus's supporters.
Against this, the "Three Crowns" entry on Wikipedia (which you link to, but without quoting its earliest entries) says:
Use of the three crowns as a heraldic symbol of Sweden has been attested, in the Nordisk Familjebok, to the late 13th century, the three crowns first ringing the shield of Magnus Ladulås (1240-1290) and later appearing on the coins of Magnus Eriksson (1316-1374).[1]
In connection with Magnus, it notes a representation of the three crowns in ca. 1336 Avignon, in a frieze representing various kingdoms including Sweden. It is thought to have represented Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, all ruled or at least claimed by Magnus. All of this is before Albrecht.

There is also Munster, Ireland, Wikipedia goes on to say. These represented the three great duchies of the province, Desmond, Ormond and Thomond. The design was used as the flag of the Lordship of Ireland between 1171-1541.

It goes on to say that 3 crowns stacked vertically are seen in the city of Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, relating back to the Royal charter of 1299.

King Arthur's 3 crowns, as part of the Normans' appropriation of that story (originally Welsh, and not about a king but a military leader), relate to the traditional three British kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Wales, Wikipedia says. For the 3 crowns heraldic, they cite a ms. of 1403. The one in Koln is earlier, to be sure.

None of these has anything to do with the Three Holy Kings that I can see. The three crowns simply represent the union of three political entities. Conceivably the Normans could have borrowed the association to Arthur from Koln, but I would think it more likely that it has to do with Norman political goals (conquering Wales and Scotland) or fantasies about Roman Britain (which never did include Scotland).

Re: Cologne exhibition: 3 Magi

40
3 Crowns in Sweden

Image



Seal of Magnus Ladulås (king Barnlock) in 1275.
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-thre ... -of-Sweden

******************

Coin with 3 small crowns, produced for the first time (?) in 1320

Image


https://www.coingallery.de/KarlV/Schweden_D.htm#
"Diese erstmals 1320 in Gotland geprägte Silbermünze wurde unter Sten Sture der Ältere mit der Jahreszahl 1478 sowie ohne Jahreszahl bis 1503 geprägt"
translated
This silver coin, first minted in Gotland in 1320, was minted under Sten Sture the Elder with the year 1478 and no year until 1503.
***************

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Crowns
Union of Magnus Eriksson
Magnus used the symbols frequently, probably to mark his three kingdoms; Sweden, Norway and Scania. At the middle of the 14th century, neighbouring Denmark's severe financial problems caused most of the country to be pawned to German princes, primarily Gerhard III and John III.[3] Since Denmark's king was forced into exile in 1332, the Danish Archbishop in Lund requested that Magnus become king of the Scanian provinces of Denmark. Magnus redeemed the pawn from John III and was sworn in as king of Scania the same year.[4] Since he had also ambitions of redeeming the rest of Denmark,[5] the crowns marked his dignity as king of three realms.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_IV_of_Sweden .... (= Magnus Eriksson)
Magnus IV (April or May 1316 – 1 December 1374; Swedish Magnus Eriksson) was King of Sweden from 1319 to 1364, King of Norway as Magnus VII (including Iceland and Greenland) from 1319 to 1355, and ruler of Scania from 1332 to 1360. By adversaries he has been called Magnus Smek (English: Magnus the Caresser).
****************

A frieze in Avignon, which is dated to 1336, shall show Swedish heraldry with 3 crowns. Possibly it was arranged for a council in 1337.

Image


***********
For MikeH ....
Yes, I noted the earlier remarks about the Swedish "3 crowns", but I found the material to Artus alias Arthur more interesting.

Well ...
1307 Templer trouble in France
1308 a German king Albrecht of Habsburg is murdered
1309 Heinrich VII is chosen
1310 6th of January (Dreikönigstag) Heinrich VII is crowned in Aachen
1310 Thibaut de Bar, bishop of Liège, has a commission for Jacques de Longuyon
Jacques de Longuyon of Lorraine is the author of a chanson de geste, Les Voeux du paon ("The Vows of the Peacock"), written for Thibaut de Bar, bishop of Liège in 1312. It was one of the most popular romances of the 14th century, and introduces the concept of the Nine Worthies.
1310 The Artushof in Thorn is started
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher ... a_1300.png
.... a lot of things are going on.

Somehow I need to find the passage, which defined the system of the 9 Worthies inside the text.
Also one must find the relations between London and Cologne. And some other points.

btw. the Swedish people have a very special way to enlarge the Christmas holidays. Well, their winter is longer than ours.

trettondagen = 13th day ofter Christmas = 6th of January
Saint Knut's Day = 13th of January = 20th day after Christmas = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Knut%27s_Day = tjugondag Knut
Maria Lichtmess = Presentation of Jesus at the Temple = 2nd February = 40th day after christmas = kyndelsmässodagen
Image


That's Knut Lavard ....
Huck
http://trionfi.com